“Soft Power„ Instrument in Promoting International Development

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/es-6.180.2021.104-117

In the present article the authors substantiate the following thesis: in the context of real polycentrism and increased confrontation between the states with liberal system of values and the states that defend real sovereignty and non-interference in internal affairs of aid-recipient states through a variety of development assistance tools, exceptionally “soft power” can become an effective mechanism of creating conditions for sustainable development of the world community as a whole. In preparing the study the authors applied the methods of historicism and comparative analysis of approaches to the policy of realizing the “soft power” goals.

Источники:

1. Abramova A.V., Gabarta A.A., Degterev D.A., Degtereva E.A., Kapitsa L.M. Inostrannaya pomoshch’ [Foreign Aid]. Pod obshch. red. L.M. Kapitsy; MGIMO (U) MID Rossii, kaf. mirovoi ekonomiki. Moscow, MGIMO-Universitet, 2013, p. 8.

2. Abramova A.V., Zav’yalova E.B., Zaitsev Yu.K., Kapitsa L.M, Kozlova O.A. Sodeistvie mezhdunarodnomu razvitiyu. Kurs lektsii [Promotion of International Development. Lecture Course]. Pod red. V.I. Barteneva i E.N. Glazunovoi. Moscow, 2012, 408 p.

3. Roger C. Riddel. Does Foreign Aid Really Work? Oxford University Press, 2008. P. 77.

4. Sodeistvie mezhdunarodnomu razvitiyu kak instrument vneshnei politiki: zarubezhnyi opyt [Promotion of International Development as a Foreign Policy Instrument: Foreign Experience]. Pod red. V.G. Baranovskogo, Yu.D. Kvashnina, N.V. Toganovoi. Moscow, IMEMO RAN, 2018, p. 19.

5. Ligorio V. Vneshnyaya tenevaya politika Rossii: “myagkaya vlast’” i mezhdunarodnoe obrazovanie [Foreign Shadow Policy of Russia: “Soft Power” and International Education]. European science, 2019, no 5, pp. 83–91.

6. Burlinova N. Russian soft power is just like Western soft power, but with a twist. Russia Direct, 2015, April, 7, available at: https://russia-direct.org/opinion/russian-soft-power-just-western-soft-power-twist.

7. Conley H., Gerber T., Moore L., David M. Russian Soft Power in the 21st Century: An Examination of Russian Compatriot Policy in Estonia. Washington, 2011, D.C, Centre for Strategic and International Studies, available at: http://csis.org/files/publication/110826_Conley_RussianSoftPower_Web.pdf.

8. Giragosian R. Soft Power in Armenia: Neither Soft, nor Powerful. European Council on Foreign Relations, 2015, available at: https://www.europeansources.info/record/soft-power-in-armenia-neither-soft-nor-powerful/

9. Cheskin A. History, Conflicting Collective Memories, and National Identities: How Latvia’s Russian-Speakers Are Learning to Remember. Nationalities Papers, 2012, vol. 40, iss. 4, pp. 561–584.

10. Ćwiek-Karpowicz J. Limits to Russian Soft Power in the Post-Soviet Area. DGAPanalyse, 2012, available at: https://dgap.org/en/article/getFullPDF/21791.

11. Kornilov A., Makarychev A. Russia’s soft power in the South Caucasus: discourses, communication, hegemony. Agadjanian Alexander; Joedicke, Ansgar; van der Zweerde, Evert (Ed.). Religion, Nation and Democracy in the South Caucasus. Routledge Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2015, pp. 238–254.

12. Nielsen K., Paabo H. How Russian Soft Power Fails in Estonia: Or, Why the Russophone Minorities Remain Quiescent. Journal on Baltic Security, 2015, vol. 1, iss. 2, pp. 125–157.

13. Kiseleva Y. Russia’s Soft Power Discourse: Identity, Status and the Attraction of Power’. Politics, 2015, vol. 35, iss. 3–4, pp. 316–329.

14. Morozov V. Russia’s Postcolonial Identity: A Subaltern Empire in a Eurocentric World. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan; New York, Routledge, 2015.

15. Xuan Hung Le. Almost the Same, But Not Quite (Soft): the Duality of Russian Soft Power. 2016, June, 29, available at: https://www.e-ir.info/2016/06/29/almost-the-same-but-not-quite-soft-the-duality-of-russian-soft-power/

16. Myths and misconceptions in the debate on Russia. How they affect Western policy, and what can be done Chatham House Report. 2021, May, 13, available at: https://www.chathamhouse.org/2021/05/myths-and-misconceptions-debate-russia/myth-07-russia-entitled-defensive-perimeter-sphere.

17. Kate Mallinson. Russia is entitled to a defensive perimeter — a sphere of ‘privileged interests’ including the territory of other states. Chatham House. URL: https://www.chathamhouse.org/2021/05/myths-and-misconceptions-debate-russia/myth-07-russia-entitled-defensive-perimeter-sphere.

18. Peace Insight, available at: https://www.peaceinsight.org/en/locations/usa/?location=usa&theme.

19. Perskaya V.V., Eskindarov M.A. Mnogopolyarnost’: instituty i mekhanizmy soglasovaniya natsional’nykh interesov [Multipolarity: Institutions and Mechanisms for National Interests Coordination]. Moscow, KnoRus, 2018, pp. 176–201.

20. Joseph S. Nye Jr. Get Smart. Combining Hard and Soft Power. Foreign Affairs, 2009, July/August, available at: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2009-07-01/get-smart/

21. Aganin A. Chto takoe soft power i kak eyu pravil’no pol’zovat’sya [What is Soft Power and How to Use It Properly]. Zavtra, 2018, March, 10, available at: https://zavtra.ru/blogs/chto_takoe_soft_power_i_kak_ej_pravil_no_pol_zovat_sya.

22. Audrye Wong. How Not to Win Allies and Influence Geopolitics China’s Self-Defeating Economic Statecraft. Foreign Affairs, 2021, May/June, available at: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2021-04-20/how-not-win-allies-and-influence-geopolitics?utm_medium=newsletters&utm_source=fa%E2%80%A6.

23. The EU and soft power. CES, available at: https://europe.unc.edu/iron-curtain/power-and-politics-the-prisoners-dilemma/the-eu-and-soft-power/

24. Carminati D. Contextualizing Soft Power’s Analysis: The Value of Attractive National Features. E-international relations. 2021, February, 8, available at: https://www.e-ir.info/2021/02/08/contextualizing-soft-powers-analysis-the-value-of-attractive-national-features/

25. Aidarbek Amirbek, Kanat Ydyrys. Education as a Soft Power Instrument of Foreign Policy. ResearchGate, 2014, August. Procedia — Social and Behavioral

Sciences 143, available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275544104_Education_as_a_Soft_Power_Instrument_of_Foreign_Policy.

26. Lomer S. Soft power as a policy rationale for international education in the UK: a critical analysis. ResearchGate, 2017, October, available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309093333_Soft_power_as_a_policy_rationale_for_international_education_in_the_UK_a_critical_analysis.

27. Global Soft Power Index 2021 The world’s most comprehensive research, available at: https://brandirectory.com/globalsoftpower/download/brand-financeglobal-soft-power-index-2021.pdf.

28. Bollyky T. J. Democracies Keep Vaccines for Themselves. President Biden’s pledge to Mexico is an exception from a stark pattern. The Atlantic, 2021, March, 27 (Director of the Global Health Program at the Council on Foreign Relations), available at: https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/03/rich-countriesgive-money-keep-vaccines-themselves/618437/

29. Perskaya V.V., Eskindarov M.A. Neizbezhnost’ izmenenii v usloviyakh politsentrizma. Prizrachnost’ bipolyarnosti i reforma nespetsializirovannykh mezhdunarodnykh organizatsii (OON i ShOS) [Inevitability of Changes in the Context of Polycentrism. Illusion of Bipolarity and the Reform of Non-Specialized International Organizations (UN and SCO)]. Moscow, Kurs, 2021, pp. 20–27, 29.

30. Audrye Wong. How Not to Win Allies and Influence Geopolitics. China’s Self-Defeating Economic Statecraft. Foreign Affairs. 2021, May/June, available at: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2021-04-20/how-not-win-allies-and-influence-geopolitics?utm_medium=newsletters&utm_source=f%E2%80%A6.

31. 解读中共中央关于制定“十四五”规划和2035年远景目标《建议》:向第二个百年奋斗目标进军的行动指南  [Interpretation of the “Recommendations” of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Formulating the “14th Five-year Plan” and the 2035 Long-Term Goals: an Action Guide for Marching Towards the Goal of the Second Centennial]. Xinhua News Agency, 2020, November, 4, available at: http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2020-11/04/content_5557125.htm.

32. Chow E.C. Chinese Soft Power and Its Implications for the United States. CSIS, 2009, p. 6.

33. Ofitsial’nyi sait Kongressa SShA, available at: https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill / 590? q =% 7B% 22search% 22% 3A% 5B%22confucius% 22% 5D% 7D & r = 1 & s = 1.

34. 中国国际贸易促进委员会 海外常法  [China Common Law Council for Promoting International Overseas Trade]. 2021 ? 3 ? 11 ?. 2021, March, 11, p. 5.

35. 孔子学院发展规划（2012–2020年）  [Confucius Institute Development Plan (2012–2020)]. Portal Ministerstva obrazovaniya Kitaiskoi Narodnoi Respubliki, available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/s5987/201302/t20130228_148061.html.

36. 上外孔子学院工作处助力海外合建孔院开展远程中文教学  [Shanwai Confucius Institute Working Office Helps Hejian Confucius Foreign Institute to Provide Distance Learning of Chinese]. Ofis Instituta Konfutsiya Shankhaiskogo un-ta, 2021, April, 2, available at: http://www.oci.shisu.edu.cn/23/d1/c4732a140241/page.htm.

37. 邢丽菊. 中美应保持和加强人文交流  [Xing Liju. China and the United States Should Maintain and Strengthen Cultural Exchanges: Special Study of Xi Jinping’s Diplomatic Ideas, China, and International Order in Chinese-American Relations]. 21, 29 双月刊 2021 年第 1 期（总第 201 期） 2021 年 1 月 15 日出版 (特稿习近平外交思想研究中美关系中国与国际秩序专题, available at: https://www.ciis.org.cn/gjwtyj/qkml/202103/P020210323576005660072.pdf.

38. 孔子学院发展规划（2012–2020年）  [Confucius Institute Development Plan (2012–2020)]. Portal Ministerstva obrazovaniya Kitaiskoi Narodnoi Respubliki, available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/s5987/201302/t20130228_148061.html.