Current Issues of Russian Foreign Direct Investment Exports: Monetary Mechanisms

DOI: 10.33917/es-5.197.2024.50-55

The article dwells on some current aspects of foreign direct investment (FDI) migration in Russia and abroad. The aim of the study is an attempt to theoretically reassess the role of monetary and credit mechanisms of FDI. The article provides information on the trends and pressing development problems of Russian FDI exports into the countries of Eurasian region and BRICS. According to the research, restrictive monetary policy in Russia is a significant obstacle to economic growth, foreign economic relations and FDI exports. Many economic indicators of the Russian Federation are negatively affected by the high key rate of the Bank of Russia. However, due to monopolistic structure of the Russian economy and many other factors, the restrictive monetary policy of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation often causes not only suppression of inflation and the increase in the production competitiveness, but excessive enrichment of a number of companies, banks and individuals at the expense of the economy as a whole. In the long term, in order to stimulate foreign direct investment, it seems feasible for the Bank of Russia to gradually shift from a restrictive monetary policy to a stimulating one, including for the purpose of optimal development of Russian FDI exports into the countries of the Eurasian region and BRICS.

References:

1. UNCTAD. World Investment Report. 2023. New York, United Nations, available at: https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/wir2023_keymessages_en.pdfRRR

2. IMF. World Economic Outlook. Washington, DC. April, 2024, available at: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2024/04/16/world-economicoutlook-april-2024

3. Tatuzov V. Contemporary global economic crisis: Some conclusions for Russia and BRICS (taking into account Kondratieff long waves). BRICS Journal of Economics, 2020, no 1, pp. 25–40, available at: https://doi.org/10.38050/2712-7508-2020-8

4. Stiglitz J., Regmi I. The Causes and Responses to Today’s Inflation. Roosevelt Institute, 2022, available at: https://rooseveltinstitute.org/wp-content/ uploads/2022/12/RI_CausesofandResponsestoTodaysInflation_Report_202212.pdf

5. Key Rate Statistics. 2024. CBR, available at: https://www.cbr.ru/eng/hd_base/KeyRate/

6. СBR: Inflation and Consumer Sentiment. Inflation and Consumer Sentiment, 2024, no 4(88), available at: https://www.cbr.ru/Collection/Collection/ File/49132/Infl_exp_24-04_e.pdf

7. Macroeconomic survey of the Bank of Russia. October, 2024. CBR, available at: https://www.cbr.ru/eng/statistics/ddkp/mo_br/

8. FDI Database. 2024. New York, UNCTAD, available at: https://unctadstat.unctad.org/datacentre/dataviewer/US.FdiFlowsStock

9. The State Council on further optimizing the environment for foreign investment. Opinions on increasing efforts to attract foreign investment. Guo Fa, 2023, no 11, available at: https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/202308/content_6898048.htm

10. FDI database. Paris, OECD, 2024, available at: https://data.oecd.org/fdi/fdi-flows.htm

Potential GDP growth and social well-being of BRICS countries through the prism of a new distributed ecosystem of payment and settlement solutions

DOI: 10.33917/es-5.197.2024.32-37

The purpose of this article is to find options for solving the problem of trust in various settlement and payment instruments within the emerging new multipolar world, as well as the problem of managing inflation and pricing processes for the purposes of progressive predictable economic development. In analyzing trends, theories and solutions, methods of description, abstraction, analysis and deduction were used.

An analysis of existing practices in terms of instruments applicable for settlements and payments in international trade is conducted. Aspects of their application for transactions and operations with investment capital, which are currently nominated and processed using centralized monetary instruments, are also touched upon. The result of the study is the proposed concept of the UNIT ecosystem, capable of solving the problems of trust and inflation and, as a consequence, the limitations of existing instruments for settlements, payments and operations with investment capital in international trade.

References:

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3. Michels J., et al. Making sense of Target imbalances. CEPR, 2011, available at: https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/making-sense-target-imbalances

4. Impossible Trinity. Wikipedia, available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impossible_trinity

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International scientific and technical cooperation: from partnership to conflict

DOI: 10.33917/es-5.197.2024.32-37

International scientific and technological cooperation is a dynamic and innovative form of international economic cooperation. It involves the exchange of knowledge, technologies, and expertise between countries. However, it is often perceived as a static process, with little understanding of its dynamics. The aim of this study is to investigate the key stages of international scientific cooperation and propose a strategy for its future development. Three stages have been identified since the 1990s: the initial stage of development, the separation of developed and developing countries’ cooperation, and the current stage of technological confrontation. The study demonstrates that international scientific and technical collaboration is directly linked to globalization processes and follows their dynamics. Based on this understanding, a forecast for the future shape of international scientific collaboration is made. Scientific and technical ties will form around the core of globalization, with each core having a distinct technological focus.

References:

1. Birkinshaw J. Why do some multinational corporations relocate their headquarters overseas? available at: http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:487470/ FULLTEXT01.pdf

2. Li S., Alon I. China’s intellectual property rights provocation: A political economy view. Journal of International Business Policy, 2020, no 3, pp. 60–72.

3. UNESCO Science Report 2010, available at: https://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/unesco-science-report-2010-the-current-status-of-sciencearound-the-world-en.pdf

4. UNESCO Science Report 2021, available at: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000377433/PDF/377433eng.pdf.multi

5. Izvestnye initsiativy po sotrudnichestvu Yug — Yug i trekhstoronnemu sotrudnichestvu [Notable South-South and Triangular Cooperation Initiatives]. URL: https:// www.wipo.int/cooperation/ru/south_south/cooperation_initiatives.htmlhttp://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:487470/FULLTEXT01.pdf

6. Number of college and university students from China in the United States from academic year 2010/11 to 2020/21. Statista, available at: https://www.statista.com/ statistics/372900/number-of-chinese-students-that-study-in-the-us/

7. Learning mobility statistics. Eurostat. Statistics Explained, available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Learning_mobility_statistics

8. Danilin I.V. Amerikano-kitayskaya tekhnologicheskaya voyna: riski i vozmozhnosti dlya KNR i global’nogo tekhnologicheskogo sektora [US-China Tech War: Risks and Opportunities for China and the Global Tech Sector]. Sravnitel’naya politika, 2020, vol. 11, no 4, pp. 160–176.

9. Executive Order 14083 of September 15, 2022 Ensuring Robust Consideration of Evolving National Security Risks by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States. Federal Register, 2022, vol. 87, no 181, pp. 57369–57374.

10. Chaudhuri R. How Washington and New Delhi Can Further Tech Ties, available at: https://carnegieendowment.org/files/Chaudhuri_iCET.pdf

Energy Security of the Eurasian Economic Union in the Context of New Challenges and Threats

DOI: 10.33917/es-5.197.2024.22-31

In the modern world, deep structural changes are taking place due to changes in technological structures. This process is accompanied by dramatic changes in the system of economic assessments and large-scale shifts in the economy.

Global energy industry is facing serious challenges and upheavals, requiring the search for new development opportunities for the fuel and electric complex. There are two key components implied here. The first one is the energy challenges facing the Eurasian Economic Union. The second is the readiness to overcome them through joint efforts.

References:

1. Gavrilina E.A., Lakhno P.G. Pravovoe obespechenie stanovleniya i razvitiya energeticheskikh rynkov v Rossii (nefti, nefteproduktov i prirodnogo gaza) [Legal Support for the Formation and Development of Energy Markets in Russia (Oil, Oil Products and Natural Gas)]. Predprinimatel’skoe pravo, 2009, no 3, pp. 46–54.

2. Mezhdunarodnyy forum “Rossiyskaya energeticheskaya nedelya”. Panel’naya diskussiya “Global’naya energetika v mnogopolyarnom mire”. 12 oktyabrya 2022 g. [International Forum “Russian Energy Week”. Panel Discussion “Global Energy in a Multipolar World”. October 12, 2022]. Ofitsial’nyy sayt Prezidenta RF, available at: http:// www.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/69584

3. Abakumova M.M. Energeticheskaya bezopasnost’ EAES: vyzovy i riski [Energy Security of the EAEU: Challenges and Risks]. Innovatsii i investitsii, 2018, no 1, pp. 89–92.

4. Demidova E.V., Avilova V.V. Energeticheskaya bezopasnost’: vyzovy, riski, perspektivy obespecheniya: Monografiya [Energy Security: Challenges, Risks, Prospects for Ensuring: Monograph]. Kazan’, Izd-vo KNITU, 2018, 188 p.

5. Likhachev V.L. Energeticheskaya bezopasnost’ i napravleniya ee obespecheniya v EAES [Energy Security and Directions of its Provision in the EAEU]. Energeticheskaya politika, 2017, no 1, pp. 47–55.

6. Borodaev V.E. K voprosu ob energeticheskoy bezopasnosti Evraziyskogo ekonomicheskogo soyuza: Energeticheskoe pravo: modeli i tendentsii razvitiya: Sb. materialov III Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii [On the Issue of Energy Security of the Eurasian Economic Union: Energy Law: Models and Development Trends. Collection of Materials of the III International Scientific and Practical Conference]. Pod red. A.V. Gabova. Belgorod, 2022, pp. 81–91.

7. Dogovor o Evraziyskom ekonomicheskom soyuze ot 29 maya 2014 g. [Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union of May 29, 2014]. Ofitsial’nyy sayt Evraziyskoy ekonomicheskoy komissii, 2014, 5 iyunya, available at: http://www.eurasiancommission.org/

8. Dogovor o prisoedinenii Respubliki Armeniya k Dogovoru o Evraziyskom ekonomicheskom soyuze ot 29 maya 2014 g. (podpisan v g. Minske 10 oktyabrya 2014 g.) [Treaty on the accession of the Republic of Armenia to the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union of May 29, 2014 (signed in Minsk on October 10, 2014)]. Ofitsial’nyy internet-portal pravovoy informatsii. 2015. 13 yanvarya, available at: http://www.pravo.gov.ru

In Search of a New Paradigm of Socio-Economic Development. Part I

DOI: 10.33917/es-5.197.2024.14-21

The most important conditions for socio-economic development of countries in the «era of globalization» are now rapidly turning into barriers. On the contrary, what was previously considered a burdensome cost to the national economy now can become a factor in generating benefits, including the economic ones. Macroeconomic targets begin to «lose» to fundamental political economic values. In such circumstances, the priority of economic policy becomes not a quantitative economic growth or nominal inflation and unemployment indicators, but a technological «leap» potential. The article problematizes the dominant paradigm of a global socio-economic development and outlines the contours of its alternative. This alternative, according to the authors, is capable to become a conceptual basis for global leadership in the 21st century.

References:

1. Who Cares Wins, 2004–08: Issue Brief. International Finance Corporation, available at: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/444801491483640669/ pdf/113850-BRI-IFC-Breif-whocares-PUBLIC.pdf

2. Arkhipova I., et al. Kak izmenilas’ ESG-povestka v novykh usloviyakh [How the ESG Agenda has Changed in the New Conditions]. Strategicheskie proekty. Novosti, 2023, 17 aprelya, available at: https://stratpro.hse.ru/social-policy/news/828220184.html

3. Ageev A.I., Bakhtizin A.R., Makarov V.L., Loginov E.L., Khabriev B.R. Ekonomicheskiy fundament pobedy: strategicheskiy prognoz ustoychivosti ekonomiki Rossii v usloviyakh sanktsionnykh atak [Economic Foundation of Victory: a Strategic Forecast for the Russian Economy Stability in the Face of Sanctions]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2023, no 3, pp. 6–15, DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/es-3.189.2023.6-15

4. Lindsi Grem prizval NATO isklyuchat’ strany s nizkimi voennymi raskhodami [Lindsey Graham Calls on NATO to Exclude Countries with Low Military Spending]. RBK, 2024, 19 fevralya, available at: https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/65d275019a7947938d431365

5. Belousov E. CNN: Rossiya proizvodit vtroe bol’she boepripasov, chem Zapad mozhet dat’ Ukraine [CNN: Russia Produces Three Times More Ammunition than the West can Give Ukraine]. Kommersant”, 2024, 11 marta, available at: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/6561870

6. Pol’sha i Vengriya proigrali v sude po isku o mnogomilliardnykh dotatsiyakh ES [Poland and Hungary Lose Court Case over Multi-billion EU Subsidies]. Vedomosti, 2022, 16 fevralya, available at: https://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/news/2022/02/16/909624-polsha-i-vengriya-proigrali-v-sude

7. Remarks by President Biden on Bidenomics (Chicago, IL). The White House, June 28, 2023, available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/ speeches-remarks/2023/06/28/remarks-by-president-biden-on-bidenomics-chicago-il/

8. Tolkachev S.A. Protivorechiya politicheskoy ekonomii “baydenomiki” [The Contradictions of the Political Economy of “Bidenomics”]. Voprosy politicheskoy ekonomii, 2023, no 4, pp. 55–75.

9. Remarks by National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan on Renewing American Economic Leadership at the Brookings Institution. The White House. April 27, 2024, available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2023/04/27/remarks-by-national-security-advisor-jake-sullivan-onrenewing-american-economic-leadership-at-the-brookings-institution/

SECOND TRUMP COMBINATORICS: Assassination Attempt. Part II. Geostrategy

DOI: 10.33917/es-5.197.2024.6-13

The article dwells on technology developed and tested in the United States for constructing political future with the help of targeted force actions within the framework of the fuzzy logic of political multi-steps. The failed quasi-assassination attempt on the US presidential candidate Donald Trump on July 13, 2024 is a political combination preempting the civil war. Its goal is to reduce destructiveness of the political clash following the expected and even more dubious than in 2020, Joe Biden’s victory in the 2024 election, which implied incorrect ways of removing Trump from the presidential race. As a result, a bifurcation point in the US political development has been passed: now there is someone to implement a package of unpopular strategic measures to reorganize the US. Essentially, the murky episode of the assassination attempt turned out to be a way out of the political deadlock.

References:

[1] — [8] no 4/2024, p. 25.

9. Loginov E.L. Velichina dobavlennoy stoimosti v eksporte-importe kak vazhneyshiy geoekonomicheskiy faktor pobedy Rossii v torgovo-ekonomicheskoy voyne: Vneshnepoliticheskie interesy Rossii: istoriya i sovremennost’: Sb. materialov XII Vserossiyskoy nauchnoy konferentsii. Samara, 26 aprelya 2024 g. [Added value amount of exports-imports as the most important geo-economic factor of Russia’s victory in the trade and economic war: Foreign policy interests of Russia: history and modernity: Sourcebook of the XII All-Russian scientific conference. Samara, April 26, 2024]. Samara, SAMARAMA, 2024, pp. 122–126.

10. Ageev A.I., Bakhtizin A.R., Makarov V.L., Loginov E.L., Khabriev B.R. Ekonomicheskiy fundament pobedy: strategicheskiy prognoz ustoychivosti ekonomiki Rossii v usloviyakh sanktsionnykh atak [Economic Foundation of Victory: a Strategic Forecast for the Russian Economy Stability in the Face of Sanctions]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2023, vol. 25, no 3(189), pp. 6–15, DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/es-3.189.2023.6-15

11. Ageev A.I., Loginov E.L. Strategicheskaya predopredelennost’ spetsial’nykh voennykh operatsiy v mirovoy supersisteme [Strategic Predetermination of Special Military Operations in the World Supersystem]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2023, vol. 25, no 4(190), pp. 6–19, DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/es-4.190.2023.6-19

12. Loginov E.L., Karoyan K.E., Kosakyan D.L. Podkhody k formirovaniyu universal’noy modeli zarubezhnogo klastera rossiyskikh finansovykh struktur v perspektivnykh zonakh mirovoy ekonomiki [Approaches to forming a universal model of a foreign cluster of Russian financial structures in promising areas of the world economy]. Samoupravlenie, 2019, vol. 2, no 1(114), pp. 88–91.

13. Bakhtizin A.R., Makarov V.L., Loginov E.L., Khabriev B.R., Vu Ts., Vu Z. Gibridnye voyny v makroekonomicheskoy supersisteme XXI veka [Hybrid Wars in the Macroeconomic Supersystem of the XXI Century]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2023, vol. 25, no 2(188), pp. 6–23, DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/es-2.188.2023.6–23

Pilot training for the Civil air fleet of the USSR in the pre-war period

DOI: 10.33917/mic-5.118.2024.87-97

The he article provides the contents of archival documents that allow us to judge the timeliness of the formation of plans and specific measures for the training of pilots of the civil air fleet in the pre-war period in early 1941, determining their required number and correlation with aviation schools and training squadrons, and also considers the basic requirements for the selection and training of youth in aviation schools and flight center flight instructors. The documents on the staffing of training squadrons and the distribution of cadets to territorial administrations and cities of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics are presented.

References:

1. Akmatova A.T. Air transport of Kyrgyzstan / A.T. Akmatova, U.Bakirov. Izvestiya vuzov Kyrgyzstan. 2018;12:84–87.

2.   Astrakhantsev O.N. The history of the formation and development of the military aviation personnel training system in Siberia (1910–1991): dissertation… Candidate of Historical Sciences: 07.00.02. Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk, 2019. 638 p.

3.   The day before. Collection of ZapOVO documents (39–41). Information portal Milita. URL: https://milita.jofo.me/519813.html

4.   Nurpiisova E.M. The history of the formation and development of aviation sports clubs in Eastern Siberia in the XX century: dissertation … Candidate of Historical Sciences: 07.00.02. Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk, 2010. 225 p.

5.   Ponomarev N.A. The recruitment system for variable flight personnel of the osoaviakhim aero clubs in the last pre-war years (1939 – June 22, 1941). Historical, philosophical, political and legal sciences, cultural studies and art criticism. Questions of theory and practice. 2012;10–1(24):139–142.

6.   Orders of the People’s Commissar of Defense of the USSR. 1941. Information portal «Military law». URL: http://www.voennoepravo.ru/node/2381

7.   Russian Archive: The Great Patriotic War: Vol. 13 (2–2). Orders of the People’s Commissar of Defense of the USSR. June 22, 1941–1942. Moscow: TERRA, 1997.

8.   From July 1 to August 5, 1941, the evacuation of aircraft factories 380 and 381 from Leningrad to Nizhny Tagil was carried out. Information Portal Textarchive.ru. URL: https://textarchive.ru/c-2034849-pall.html

The importance of investments in economic growth and increasing incomes of the population

DOI: 10.33917/mic-5.118.2024.78-86

The relevance of attracting investments into the country’s economy in order to achieve economic growth, ensure its stability and thereby increase the population’s income is analyzed. The dynamics of attracting investments into fixed capital in the country as a whole and for individual types of economic activity are considered. The share of investments in GDP and the level of investment efficiency are estimated. The relationship between increasing domestic and foreign investment attractiveness, increasing the volume of investments and increasing the population’s income is determined.

The methods of statistical, comparison, grouping, analysis and synthesis, and economic analysis are used in the coverage of this article. A comparative analysis of the data was carried out, on the basis of which an attempt was made to more accurately highlight the role of investments in economic growth and ensuring the well-being of the population.

References:

1. Makasheva N. Does J.M. Keynes Help Study the Russian Economy? Voprosy ekonomiki. 2010;12:131–140.

2. Massé P. Criteria and Methods for Optimal Determination of Capital Investments / Translated from French. Moscow: Statistika, 1971. 160 p.

3. McConnell K.R., Brew S.L. Economics: Principles, Problems, and Policy. In 2 volumes: Translated from English. 11th ed. Vol. 1. Moscow: Respublika, 1992. 399 p.

4. Dolan E.J., Lindsay D.E. Microeconomics. St. Petersburg, 1994. 448 p.

5. Abdukarimov B.A. Korkhona iktisodiyoti (darslik). T.: Fan, 2005. 241 p.

6. Karimov N. The mechanism of investment integration and the development of the mechanism of investment. T.: Fan and technology, 2007. 240 p.

7. Nodirkhanov U.S. Foreign investment in Uzbekistan: experience, problems, growth prospects. T.: Fan and technology, 2011. 184 p.

8. Egamberdiev F.T., Daniyarova F.B., Kholmatjonov F.M. The importance of investment in the development of the economy. Economy and Finance 2017;10:68–74.

9. Mihaela Peres, Waqar Ameer & Helian Xu. The impact of institutional quality on foreign direct investment inflows: evidence for developed and developing countries, Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja. 2018;31(1):626–644.

The role of renewable energy sources and secondary renewable energy sources in the energy management of the European union countries

DOI: 10.33917/mic-5.118.2024.65-77

This article examines the role of renewable energy sources (RES) and secondary renewable energy sources (VVE) in the energy management of the European Union countries in modern socio-economic conditions. The decrease in electricity consumption in the EU over the past two years amounted to 6%, reflecting the serious impact of the energy crisis on European consumers and industry. This decrease of 60% is due to a slowdown in the growth rate of EU industrial production and the transfer of energy-intensive technological processes from the EU to regions with cheaper energy. It is concluded that Europe’s transition to renewable energy has reached a colossal pace, which will lead to a further reduction in fossil fuel electricity production, with renewable energy sources (wind and solar) becoming the backbone of the future EU electricity supply system by the end of 2024.

References:

1. Zhiznin S. Vasilev S. Options for using secondary renewable energy sources. Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 2020. URL: https://nvo.ng.ru/ng_energiya/2020-09-07/14_7957_variants.html

2. Redl C., Hein F., Buck M., Graichen P., Jones D. The European Power Sector in 2020: Up-to-Date Analysis on the Electricity Transition. Agora Energiewende and Ember. 2021. p. 18.

3. The share of solar and wind generation in the world will reach from 54 to 72% by 2050. URL: https://yearbook.enerdata.ru/renewables/wind-solar-share-electricity-production.html

4. National Hydrogen Strategy of Germany. URL: https://www.bmbf.de/files/bmwi_Nationale%20Wasserstoffstrategie_Eng_s0

5. Verbruggen A. In the hurdle race to the energy transition: transformations, reforms and innovations / A. Verbruggen / ed. A. Brunnengräber, Di Nucci, M. Rosaria. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. p. 120.

6. Gesetz für den Ausbau erneuerbarer Energien. URL: http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/eeg_2014/

7. Baek Ja.H., Park S.Ho., Choi S., Kim H. Renewable forecasting method for local renewable management system. Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers. 2022;71(8):1062–1069.

8. Beksultanova A., Aygumov T., Valeev S. Achieving renewable energy goals through the utilization of renewable resources. International Conference on Actual Problems of the Energy Complex and Environmental Protection (APEC-VI-2023). Les Ulis, 2023, p. 01008.

9. Chien F., Chayka Ka.Y., Sadiq M., Diep G.L., Tran T.K., Pham T.Ha.An. What is the role of renewable energy consumption, renewable electricity, energy use and import play in environmental quality? Energy Reports. 2023;10:3826–3834.

10. Çinar M. The investigation of the causal relationship between renewable and non-renewable energy resources and economic growth. Cankiri Karatekin Universitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakultesi Dergisi, 2023.

11. Mohammadi H., Saghaian S., Zandi Dareh Gharibi B. Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and its impact on economic growth. Sustainability. 2023;15(4):3822.

12. Soares P.H., Kang M., Choo Ph. Art and design entanglements for renewable energy education: renewable energy art and design approach. Interdisciplinary Journal of Environmental and Science Education. 2024;20(1):2401.