DOI: 10.33917/es-1.199.2025.34-43

The author explores and compares relationship between the energy industry and economic growth of China and Russia through the cointegration equation and the VECM model. The results prove that China’s energy production hasn’t got any long-term or short-term impact on GDP fluctuations and growth, while oil and natural gas consumption has a long-term impact on GDP growth, coal and natural gas consumption has a short-term positive impact on GDP growth. Energy production and consumption in Russia have an impact on GDP growth. Production of renewable energy, coal and natural gas as well as consumption of coal and natural gas have long-term equilibrium effects on GDP growth, while production of coal and natural gas as well as consumption of coal, oil and natural gas cause short-term positive fluctuations in GDP growth.

References:

1. Kraft J., Kraft A. On the Relationship Between Energy and GNP. The Journal of Energy and Development, 1978, no 3(2), pp. 401–403, available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/24806805

2. Yu E., Choi J.Y. The Causal Relationship between Energy and GNP: An International Comparison. Journal of Energy Finance & Development, 1985, no 10, pp. 249–272.

3. Kuzovkin A.I. Prognoz energoemkosti VVP Rossii i razvitykh stran na 2020 g. [Forecast of Energy Intensity of GDP in Russia and Developed Countries for 2020]. Problemy prognozirovaniya, 2010, no 3, pp. 144–148.

4. Wang Xuhui, Liu Yong. China’s energy consumption and economic growth: based on cointegration analysis and Granger causality test. Resources Science, 2007, no 29(5), p. 6.

5. Lola I.S., Gluzdovskiy S.V. Primenenie metodov vektornoy avtoregressii v issledovanii vliyaniya malogo roznichnogo predprinimatel’stva na dinamiku torgovli [Application of Vector Autoregression Methods in the Study of the Impact of Small Retail Businesses on Trade Dynamics]. Voprosy statistiki, 2018, vol. 25, no 11, pp. 3–12, EDN VNBZMD

6. Matveev M.G. Parametricheskaya identifikatsiya modeley vektornoy avtoregressii [Parametric Identification of Vector Autoregression Models]. Sovremennaya ekonomika: problemy i resheniya, 2015, no 5, pp. 133–142, available at: ht tps://journals.vsu.ru/meps/article/view/4347

7. Yue Xiaowen. Restoration of oil and gas industry: A review of Russia’s oil and gas industry in 2021. International Petroleum Economics, 2022, no 30(5), pp. 47–52.

8. Hou Meifang. The current situation, challenges and countermeasures of China’s energy transformation and energy security under the goal of carbon neutrality. Journal of Southwest Petroleum University (Natural Science Edition), 2023, no 45(2): 1-1, DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2023.01.12.02

DOI: 10.33917/es-1.199.2025.24-33

This article is devoted to the anniversary of the Eurasian Economic Union, which began to function on January 1, 2015. In the article, the authors analyze the difficult historical path of the evolution of Eurasian integration cooperation in the post-Soviet space, the formation of integration ideas and their implementation. The motivations, practice and complex circumstances of the ongoing processes of Eurasian integration are considered.

References:

1. Demografiya v tsifrakh. Statistika Evraziyskoy ekonomicheskoy komissii: Evraziyskaya ekonomicheskaya komissiya [Demography in Figures. Statistics of the Eurasian Economic Commission: Eurasian Economic Commission]. Moscow, 2023, 70 p.

2. Dogovor o Evraziyskom ekonomicheskom soyuze ot 29 maya 2014 g. [Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union of May 29, 2014]. Ofitsial’nyy sayt Evraziyskoy ekonomicheskoy komissii; Ofitsial’nyy internet-portal pravovoy informatsii, available at: http://www.eurasiancommission.org; http://pravo.gov.ru

3. EAES. Evraziyskaya ekonomicheskaya komissiya. 2020–2023 [EAEU. Eurasian Economic Commission. 2020–2023], available at: https://eec.eaeunion.org/

upload/medialibrary/807/EEC-Book-2020_2023.pdf

4. Oblizina V.V. Integratsionnye protsessy v Evraziyskom ekonomicheskom soobshchestve: institutsional’nye osnovy i tekhnologii realizatsii: diss. … kand.

polit. nauk [Integration Processes in the Eurasian Economic Community: Institutional Foundations and Implementation Technologies: diss…. Candidate of Political Sciences]. N. Novgorod, 2007, 161 p.

5. Soglashenie o sozdanii Sodruzhestva Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv (vmeste s Protokolom k Soglasheniyu o sozdanii Sodruzhestva Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv, podpisannomu 8 dekabrya 1991 g. v g. Minske Respublikoy Belarus’, Rossiyskoy Federatsiey (RSFSR), Ukrainoy); protokol podpisan v g. Alma-Ate 21 dekabrya 1991 g. [Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States (together with the Protocol to the Agreement on the Establishment

of the Commonwealth of Independent States, signed on December 8, 1991 in Minsk by the Republic of Belarus, the Russian Federation (RSFSR), and Ukraine);

the protocol was signed in Alma-Ata on December 21, 1991]. Sodruzhestvo. Informatsionnyy vestnik Sovetov glav gosudarstv i pravitel’stv SNG, 1992, Vyp. 1, pp. 6–8, 11.

6. Reshenie Soveta glav gosudarstv SNG “O prinyatii Ustava SNG” (vmeste s Ustavom Sodruzhestva Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv) (prinyato v g. Minske 22 yanvarya 1993 g.) (s izm. ot 19 sentyabrya 2003 g.) [Decision of the Council of Heads of State of the CIS “On the Adoption of the CIS Charter” (together with the Charterof the Commonwealth of Independent States) (adopted in Minsk on January 22, 1993) (as amended on September 19, 2003)]. Sodruzhestvo. Informatsionnyy

vestnik Sovetov glav gosudarstv i pravitel’stv SNG, 1993, no 1; Byulleten’ mezhdunarodnykh dogovorov, 1994, no 1.

7. Soglashenie o koordinatsionnykh institutakh SNG ot 21 dekabrya 1991 g. [Agreement on the CIS Coordinating Institutions of December 21, 1991]. Vedomosti SND i VS RF, 1991, 19 dekabrya, no 51, st. 1798; Sodruzhestvo. Informatsionnyy vestnik Soveta glav gosudarstv i Soveta glav pravitel’stv SNG, 1992, no 1.

DOI: 10.33917/es-1.199.2025.6-23

The article examines a possible nuclear attack as a civil problem of managing super-large organizational systems. The key tool for structuring the problem is agent-based modeling. Calculations show that even in case of a nuclear attack, the Russian Federation ensures its infrastructural and institutional stability, maintaining all control levers in the loop of state stability and life support for the population while solving the problems of necessary support for defence and security functionality. In this case, a difficult question arises: at what cost?

References:

1. Ageev A.I. Rol’ sanktsiy, konfliktov i spetsoperatsiy: razmyshleniya o budushchem. Chast’ 2 [The Role of Sanctions, Conflicts and Special Operations: Reflections on the Future. Part 2]. Nauchnyy vestnik oboronno-promyshlennogo kompleksa Rossii, 2024, no 1, pp. 33–42.

2. Bakhtizin A.R., Makarov V.L., Loginov E.L., et al. Gibridnye voyny v makroekonomicheskoy supersisteme XXI veka [Hybrid Wars in the Macroeconomic Supersystem of the XXI Century]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2023, vol. 25, no 2(188), pp. 6–23, DOI: ht tps://doi.org/10.33917/es-2.188.2023.6–23.

3. Ageev A.I., Loginov E.L. Novaya bol’shaya voyna: khroniki khorosho zabytogo budushchego [New Large-scale War: Chronicles of Well Forgotten Future]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2014, vol. 16, no 6–7(122–123), pp. 16–33.

4. Makarov V.L., Bakhtizin A.R., Sushko E.D. Natsional’naya strategicheskaya sila stran, mezhdunarodnaya torgovlya i ekonomicheskaya uspeshnost’ stran v nestabil’nom mire [National Strategic Power of Countries, International Trade and Economic Success of Countries in an Unstable World]. Strategirovanie: teoriya i praktika, 2023, vol. 3, no 3(9), pp. 277–297.

5. Pudovkin E. “Ogranichennoy yadernoy voyny ne sushchestvuet”. Eksperty — o tom, naskol’ko real’na ee opasnost’ [“Limited Nuclear War Doesn’t Exist.” Experts on How Real Its Danger Is]. RTVI, 2022, 31 maya, available at: https://rtvi.com/stories/ogranichennoj-yadernoj-vojny-ne-sushhestvuet-eksperty-otom-naskolko-realna-ee-opasnost/

6. Surge: 2023 Global nuclear weapons spending. The International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN).

7. Complicit: 2020 Global Nuclear Weapons Spending. The International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN).

8. 90 sekund do polunochi. Chto nado znat’ o yadernoy voyne i ee posledstviyakh. Ob”yasnyaem, kak mogut vyglyadet’ yadernaya voyna i ee posledstviya, a takzhe kak i gde ot nee mozhno spastis’ [90 Seconds to Midnight. What you need to Know about Nuclear War and its Consequences. We Explain what Nuclear War and its Consequences Might Look like, as Well as How and Where you can Escape from it]. Dzen, 2024, 23 noyabrya, available at: https://dzen.ru/a/Z0GbbBQHIkbcs5pd

9. Analitiki otsenili, skol’ko strany tratyat na yadernoe oruzhie v minutu [Analysts have Estimated how much the Countries Spend on Nuclear Weapons per Minute]. RBK, 2022, 15 iyunya, available at: https://www.rbc.ru/politics/15/06/2022/62a984999a79471c65ce1b2a

DOI: 10.33917/es-1.199.2025.4-5

DOI: 10.33917/mic-1.120.2025.103-111

Today, a pressing issue in the field of energy efficiency in the Russian Federation is the problem of energy supply to remote areas. The high cost of fuel delivery to such regions of the country makes the use of renewable energy sources attractive. In this article, using the example of the village of Tiksi, the efficiency of combining traditional diesel generation and wind energy is shown, a technical and economic assessment of various ways of configuring the energy system is given, the possibility of using a hydrogen-based energy storage system to ensure uninterrupted power supply to the settlement from renewable energy sources and complete replacement of diesel generation in the energy system is demonstrated.

References:

1. Karasevich V.A. Fundamentals of Hydrogen Energy: Textbook. Moscow: Publishing Center of the Russian State University of Oil and Gas (National Research University) named after I.M. Gubkin, 2023. 100 p.

2. Elistratov V.V., Bogun I.V., Denisov R.S. [et al.]. Resources and Technologies for Using Renewable Energy Sources: Textbook. St. Petersburg: POLYTECH-PRESS, 2022. 527 p.

3. Zubakin V.A., Zhukov P.A. Economic Efficiency of Power Plants on Renewable Energy Sources Using the LCOE Indicator as an Example. Plumbing. Heating. Air Conditioning. 2024;10:72-75.

4. RusHydro Puts into Operation a Unique Wind-Diesel Complex in the Arctic Village of Tiksi. PJSC RusHydro. URL: https://rushydro.ru/press/news/221220205610

5. Wind turbine 2.5 MW – JSC Rosatom Renewable Energy. URL: https://rosatom-renewables.ru/production/wey25/?ysclid=m60keovuy585794253

DOI: 10.33917/mic-1.120.2025.96-102

Early degassing of coal seams is one of the key technologies aimed at optimizing coal mining processes, minimizing negative environmental impacts, and increasing safety during coal mining. Advance degassing is a process in which hydrocarbon gas is removed from coal seams in advance, which reduces the risk of its accumulation and explosions during mine development. The creation of a concept for the implementation of early degassing of coal seams contributes to the development of the coal industry and, as a result, the development of the region’s economy.

References:

1. Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2035, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated June 9, 2020 No. 1523-r. URL: https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/74148810/

2. The program for the development of the coal industry for the period up to 2035, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated June 13, 2020 No. 1582-r. URL: https://base.garant.ru/74267886/

3. Order No. 507 of the Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision dated December 8, 2020 «On Approval of Federal Standards and Regulations in the field of Industrial Safety Safety Rules in Coal Mines». URL: https://base.garant.ru/75099739/

4. Order No. 498 of the Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision dated December 28, 2023 «On Approval of the Safety Manual “Recommendations for Degassing of Coal Mines”». URL: https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/408359195/

5. Melekhin E.S., Kuzina E.S. Prospects of using the gas resources of methane-coal deposits. Mineral Resources of Russia. Economics and management. 2019;2 (165):59-61.

6. Melekhin E.S. Some problems of degassing of highly gaseous coal seams. Surveying and subsoil use. 2013;1:10-13.

7. In 2023, SUEK will invest billion in coal mining and mining equipment. URL: https://www.vedomosti.ru/business/articles/2022/12/22/956461-suek-vlozhit-v-dobichu-uglya

8. International Energy Agency. World Energy Outlook 2016. URL: https://www.docdroid.net/IOBt86G/world-energy-outlook-2016.pdf

DOI: 10.33917/mic-1.120.2025.88-95

Presents a methodological basis for assessing financial risks, which includes a probabilistic assessment method with finding the variation coefficient, the Delphi method, Savage criteria and Hurwitz criteria, as well as an expert assessment method based on constructing a «decision tree», a financial risk map and scenario analysis. An assessment option is given using the example of the largest regional monopolist in the gas sector of industry.

References:

1. Financial Risk Management: textbook and practical training for universities / edited by I. P. Khominich. 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2024. 582 p.

2. Akaeva V.R., Kuzmin M.S., Zhukovskaya I.V. Actual problems of digitalization of companies on the example of the industrial sector. Microeconomics. 2023;4(111):51-55.

3. Zhukovskaya I.V. Specifics of risk management of investment projects in industry. Economics and Management. 2010;2:53-56.

4. Analytical data of the electronic database system «Kontur-Fokus» and «SBIS».

DOI: 10.33917/mic-1.120.2025.82-87

The article examines and describes in detail the main types of energy storage devices used in space, namely nickel-cadmium (NiCd) and lithium-ion (Li-ion). A comparison of these storage systems is conducted and their economic efficiency is evaluated.

References:

1. Nadaraia C.G., Shestakov I. Ja., Fadeev A.A. and more. Improving energy efficiency of power system supply of the perspective space vehicles. Siberian aerospace journal. 2016;17(4):983-988.

2. Kuzmina N.A. Spacecraft power supply system. Reshetnevskie readings. 2017; 21-1:274-276.

3. N+1. Energy in space. How ships and satellites are charged. URL: https://nplus1.ru/material/2020/02/27/energy-in-space

4. Wybor. All about nickel-cadmium batteries: characteristics, operation, pros and cons. URL: https://wybor-battery.com/blog/stati/vse-o-nikel-kadmievyh-akkumulyatorah-harakteristiki-ekspluataciya-plyusy-i-minusy

5. Wybor. Application of nickel-cadmium batteries (Ni-Cd). URL: https://wybor-battery.com/blog/stati/primenenie-nikel-kadmievyh-akkumulyatorov-ni-cd

6. Stuart T.A., Hande A. HEV battery heating using AC currents. J. Power Sources. 2004;129:368-378.

7. MOTOMA. Solar Panels and Energy Storage Battery – Advanced Spacecraft Power Systems. URL: https://motoma.com/industry/solar-panels-and-energy-storage-battery—advanced-spacecraft-power-systems.html

8. NEOVOLT. Batteries burn space: from nickel-cadmium to lithium-ion. URL: https://dzen.ru/a/Zbz3-N-ASUf70T_0

9. Anil D. Pathak, Shalakha Saha, Vikram Kishore Bharti and more. A review on battery technology for space application. Journal of Energy Storage. 2023;61.

10. Khromov A.V. Lithium-ion batteries for low-orbit spacecraft. Questions of electromechanics. 2016;152(3):20-28.

11. Fan X., Liu B., Liu J. and more. Battery technologies for grid-level large-scale electrical energy storage. Trans. Tianjin Univ. 2020;26:92-103.

12. UFine Battery. What Is the Energy Density of a Lithium-Ion Battery? URL: https://www.ufinebattery.com/blog/what-is-the-energy-density-of-a-lithium-ion-battery/

13. TASS News Agency. NIIkhimmash stated that the cost of delivering cargo to the ISS starts from 1 million rubles per kg. URL: https://tass.ru/kosmos/16211151

14. Habr. New Japanese batteries made from diamonds and carbon-14 will outlive their owner, his grandchildren and great-grandchildren. URL: https://habr.com/ru/companies/selectel/articles/545046/

DOI: 10.33917/mic-1.120.2025.74-81

In the context of modern sanctions against Russia and the high demand of various types of oil and gas business for material and technical resources, equipment, and technologies, it is necessary to consider various scenarios for the development of the situation. At the same time, for making managerial decisions, including in the field of resource procurement, it is possible to compare the postulates of microeconomics on consumer behavior with the situation in the field of purchasing necessary equipment, spare parts, basic and auxiliary materials for the needs of oil and gas production. The results of the work provide opportunities for systematization of factors influencing decision-making in the search for import-substituting technological equipment for oil and gas production or the purchase of affordable fixed and working capital of foreign or domestic production.

References:

1. Makhovikova G.A. Microeconomics. Advanced course: textbook and practice for universities / G. A. Makhovikova, S. V. Pereverzeva. Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2025. 313 с.

2.  Federal Law of 05.04.2013 № 44-FZ «On the contractual system in the sphere of procurement of goods, works, services to ensure state and municipal needs». URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_144624/

3.  Pelmeneva A.A. Assessment of the oil and gas equipment quality influence on the economic efficiency of the company activity. Management of quality in oil and gas complex (UKANG). 2013;3:23-26.

4.  Pelmeneva A.A. Formation of innovative mechanisms of economic development of Russia. Microeconomics. 2023;5:5-15.

5.  Federal Law of 18.07.2011 No. 223-FZ (ed. 08.08.2024) «On Procurement of Goods, Works, Services by Certain Types of Legal Entities» (with amendments and additions, effective from 01.01.2025). URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_116964/

6.  Federal Law of 31.12.2014 № 488-FZ (ed. of 30.11.2024) «On Industrial Policy in the Russian Federation» (with amendments and additions, effective from 20.12.2024). URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_173119/

7.  List of goods (including those supplied in the course of performance of purchased works, provision of purchased services) originating from foreign states, works, services, respectively performed, rendered by foreign citizens, foreign legal entities, in respect of which the prohibition of purchases for state and municipal needs, purchases by certain types of legal entities is established. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_494318/dc1993c2b5c2478f2ab15f73dba12882e6b458c8/

DOI: 10.33917/mic-1.120.2025.56-73

This article examines the organizational and economic aspects of identification, identification of falsification and counterfeiting as tools to ensure the economic security of production and trade of 43 commodity groups of the EAEU Customs Union (fur goods) in modern conditions. An analysis of the current situation shows that ensuring the economic security of the fur trade is not balanced in the Russian Federation and the state may lose the furring skills of industry operators, as well as the technological culture of manufacturing and wearing natural furs.

The state needs to create further conditions for the development of the domestic fur industry, ensuring economic security, countering low-quality counterfeit imports of fur products, which unscrupulous sellers sell, posing as Russian goods, and introduce protectionist measures to protect and support Russian producers.

References:

1. Annekar V.V. The «Honest mark» labeling system in the paradigm of non-food consumption of natural fur products. The Constitution. 2023;8(2). URL: https://kostumologiya.ru/PDF/16TLKL223.pdf

2. Beketov S.V. Mandatory labeling of fur products. Rabbit breeding issues. 2020;5-6:57-62.

3. Bystrova N.Yu., Akopova E.I. Determination of safety indicators of fur products. In the collection: Innovative technologies: leather, fur, chemical materials, production. Moscow, 2023. pp. 15-17.

4. Guz N.A., Bozhenova A.A. Introduction of product traceability systems: foreign experience and domestic practice. risk: Resources, Information, Supply, Competition. 2022;2:6-12.

5. Zalomaeva E.O. The process of making economic decisions and consumer behavior from the point of view of neuroeconomics (on the example of the fur market). In the collection: Economics and Innovation. Moscow, 2022. pp. 81-85.

6. Kvyatkovsky D.V. The impact of the introduction of the EGAIS «Honest Mark» labeling system on the turnover of counterfeit goods in Russia. Legal science. 2023;11»236-239.    

7. Kibzun V.N., Nagornaya N.P. Segmentation of consumers of fur products in a trading enterprise and forecasting demand for them. Bulletin of the Donbass National Academy of Construction and Architecture. 2021;1(147):34-42.

8. Kirsanova E.A., Bodryakova L.N., Tyumentseva E.Yu. Development of approaches to improving the efficiency of production processes for manufacturing products from fur semi-finished products. Design and technology. 2021;82(124):24-30.

9. Kostyakova Yu.V. The sale of foreign-made fur products subject to labeling: customs aspects. Financial economics. 2020;2:142-147.

10. Kochetkova N.G. On the marking of fur products with control (identification) signs. Science Alley. 2018;3(6(22)):556-562.

11. Markina A.S. Problems of labeling fur products in Russia and ways to solve them. International Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences. 2023;2-1(77):224-227.

12. Mukhina V.S. Control identification mark (KEYES) of fur products. In the collection: Actual problems of branch legal science. Vladimir, 2020. pp. 95-100.