DOI: 10.33917/es-2.194.2024.42-53

While the physical basis of natural intelligence is the human brain, the physical basis of artificial intelligence (AI) is constituted by computers. Currently, the processes of creating AI based on computer technology are developing in two main directions — logical direction and neuromorphic one. The logical approach is aimed at creating computer systems designed to solve one or a limited set of “intelligent” problems (that is, problems whose solution would require intelligence if they were solved by a person). The neuromorphic approach aims to create computer systems that imitate the human brain functioning, and ultimately to create its artificial analogue.

References:

1. Yangging Jia. Technical Report. No. VCB/EECS 2014-93, Berkley.

2. Kalyaev I.A., Levin I.I., Semernikov E.A., Shmoilov V.I. Reconfigurable Multipipeline Computing Structures. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. USA. 2012. 340 p.

3. Guzik V.F., Kalyaev I.A., Levin I.I. Rekonfiguriruemye vychislitel’nye sistemy [Reconfigurable Computing Systems]. Rostov n/D, Izd-vo YuFU, 2016, 472 p.

4. Kalyaev I.A., Levin I.I. Rekonfiguriruemye vychislitel’nye sistemy na osnove PLIS [Reconfigurable Сomputing Systems Based on FPGAs]. Rostov n/D, Izd-vo YuNTs RAN, 2022, 475 p.

5. Spall J., Guo X., Barrett T.D., Lvovsky A.I. Fully reconfigurable coherent optical vector-matrix multiplication. Optics Letters, 45, 5752–5755 (2020).

6. Tait A.N., de Lima T.F., et al. Neuromorphic photonic networks using silicon photonic weight banks. Scientific Reports, 7, 7430 (2017).

7. Shen Y., Harris N.C., et al. Deep learning with coherent nanophotonic circuits. Nature Photon, 11(7), pp. 441–446 (2017).

8. Golovastikov N.V., Dorozhkin P.S., Soyfer V.A. Intellektual’nye tekhnicheskie sistemy na osnove fotoniki [Intelligent Technical Systems Based on Photonics]. Ontology of Designing, 2021, vol. 11, pp. 422–436.

9. Mikhaylov A.N., Gryaznov E.G., Lukoyanov V.I., Koryazhkina M.N., Bordanov I.A., Shchanikov S.A., Tel’minov O.A., Ivanchenko M.V., Kazantsev V.B. Na puti k realizatsii vysokoproizvoditel’nykh vychisleniy v pamyati na osnove memristornoy elektronnoy komponentnoy bazy [Towards the Implementation of High-performance Computing in Memory Based on Memristor Electronic Components]. Fizmat, 2023, vol. 1, no 1, pp. 42–64, DOI: 10.56304/S0000000023010021

10. Mikhaylov A.N., Gryaznov E.G., Koryazhkina M.N., Bordanov I.A., Shchanikov S.A., Telminov O.A., Kazantsev V.B. Neuromorphic computing based on CMOS-integrated memristive arrays: current state and perspectives. Supercomputing Frontiers and Innovations, 2023, vol. 10, no 2, pp. 77–103, DOI: 10.14529/jsfi230206

11. Dongarra J. Less Moor, more Brain. Moskovskiy superkomp’yuternyy forum, MGU, 2019.

12. Iskusstvennyy intellekt uvelichil moshchnost’ Superkomp’yuternogo tsentra “Politekhnicheskiy”. Saint Petersburg, SPbPU Petra Velikogo, Nauka i innovatsii, 22 dekabrya 2023 g. [Artificial Intelligence Has Increased the Capacity of the Polytechnic Supercomputer Center. St. Petersburg, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University. Science and Innovation, December 22, 2023], available at: https://www.spbstu.ru/media/news/nauka_i_innovatsii/
iskusstvennyy-intellekt-uvelichil-moshchnost-superkompyuternogo-tsentra-politekhnicheskiy/

DOI: 10.33917/es-2.194.2024.32-37

The authors investigated the security situation (military, economic, energy, environmental, food, etc.) in the Indo-Pacific region using international expert surveys in the form of interviews in 16 countries, using a historical approach to show the situation in dynamics, comparative analysis of statistical data, as well as content analysis of scientific literature, publications in the media and in-depth analysis of texts using the Sorbonne method. The analytical materials prepared by the authors are confirmed by empirical data obtained as part of the research work of the international project “Dialogue Partnership as a factor of stability and integration” in 16 Eastern countries: Brunei, Vietnam, India, Indonesia, China, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, RF, Singapore, the USA, Thailand, Philippines, South Korea and Japan, in the pre- and post-ovoid period.

References:

1. Kompleksnaya kharakteristika situatsii v ATR [A Comprehensive Description of the Situation in the Asia-Pacific Region]. Moscow, Academia, 2016, 340 p.

2. ATR glazami ekspertov (mezhdunarodnaya ekspertiza 2005–2019 gg.) [The Asia-Pacific Region Through the Eyes of Experts (International Expertise 2005–2019)]. Moscow, Academia, 2019, 350 p.

3. Masasi Murano, Ankito Panda i Dzhenni Taun. Novaya raketnaya era v Indo-Tikhookeanskom regione [A New Missile Era in the Indo-Pacific Region]. Moskovskiy Tsentr Karnegi, available at: https://gatotca.oyi.my.id/find/a-new-missile-age-in-the-indopacific-carnegie-endowment-for

4. Sukin L. Kogda yadernoe prevoskhodstvo perestaet byt’ prevoskhodstvom: Peresmotr yadernogo balansa sil [When Nuclear Superiority Ceases to be Superiority: A Revision of the Nuclear Balance of Power]. Moskovskiy Tsentr Karnegi, available at: https://mail.yandex.ru/?uid=4361772#message/184366109745546487

5. Rybin A. NYT: Veroyatnost’ voyny v Indo-Tikhookeanskom regione seychas samaya vysokaya so Vtoroy mirovoy [The Probability of War in the Indo-Pacific Region is Now the Highest Since World War II]. Rossiyskaya gazeta, 2023, 1 marta, available at: https://rg.ru/2023/03/01/nyt-veroiatnost-vojny-v-indo-tihookeanskom-regionesejchas-

samaia-vysokaia-so-vtoroj-mirovoj.html

6. Balandin R. Syurpriz ot Dzho Baydena: pochemu SShA nachali postavlyat’ oruzhie Tayvanyu po “ukrainskoy” skheme? [Surprise From Joe Biden: Why Did the United

States Start Supplying Weapons to Taiwan According to the “Ukrainian” Scheme?]. TASS, 2023, 15 avgusta, available at: https://tass.ru/opinions/18501723

7. Delegatsiya kongressmenov SShA pribyla na Tayvan’ [A Delegation of US Congressmen Arrived in Taiwan]. RIA Novosti, 2022, 14 avgusta, available at: https://ria.ru/20220814/tayvan-1809515164.html

8. 900 voennykh baz SShA po vsemu miru. V kakikh stranakh ikh bol’she vsego? [900 US Military Bases Around the World. Which Countries Have the Most of Them?].

Dzen, 2023, 11 yanvarya, available at: https://dzen.ru/a/Y76U9T_c6WqJsHnc

9. Vysotskiy V.I. Neft’ i gaz. Zapasy. Dobycha. Potreblenie, eksport i import: Informatsionnyy obzor [Oil and Gas. Stocks. Extraction. Consumption, Export and Import. (Information Overview)]. Moscow, Rosgeologiya. VNIIZARUBEZhGEOLOGIYA, 2022, 40 p.

DOI: 10.33917/es-2.194.2024.24-31

The problem of the economic policies ontology is examined. Paradigms define practices and scenarios for the future.

Crisis of the “mainstream” and the polymorphic structure of the world economy imply an intensive search for new theoretical and practical solutions.

References:

13. Rosstat [Website], available at: https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/24_18-02-2022.htm

DOI: 10.33917/es-2.194.2024.16-23

The authors propose a vector for developing BRICS as an operator of an intercountry digital platform complex (IDPC), within the framework of which international economic transactions are accelerated, simplified and cheapened. Simplification and acceleration occur due to the fact that the documents, required for transaction, are prepared by ICPC algorithms in accordance with the current legislation of the countries and international standards. Cost reduction is achieved by reducing transaction costs, international multilateral clearing, optimizing logistics costs, introducing an internal electronic platform currency for mutual settlements, etc. In this case BRICS, receiving a commission of about 0.5% from each transaction, becomes independent of the budgets of participating countries and a self-sustaining international organization with significant influence in the field of international economic cooperation, including performing the international arbitration functions.

References:

1. Oleskin A.V. Setevoe obshchestvo: ego neobkhodimost’ i vozmozhnye strategii postroeniya [Network Society: Its Necessity and Possible Strategies for its Construction]. Moscow, URSS, 2016.

2. Budanov V.G. Metafizika, ontologii i stsenarii bol’shogo antropologicheskogo perekhoda: Nauka i fenomen cheloveka v epokhu tsivilizatsionnogo Makrosdviga [Metaphysics, Ontologies and Scenarios of the Great Anthropological Transition: Science and Phenomenon of a Man in the Era of Civilizational Macroshift]. Moscow, Institut obshchegumanitarnykh issledovaniy, 2023, 748 p.

3. Oleskin A.V. Detsentralizovannaya setevaya organizatsiya nauchnogo soobshchestva. Perspektivy i problem [Decentralized Network Organization of the Scientific Community. Prospects and Challenges]. Moscow, URSS, 2021.

4. Shokhov A.S. Rol’ Rossii v konstruirovanii mirovoy ekonomiki XXI veka: The New World Economy [Russia’s Role in Designing the World Economy of the 21st Century: The New World Economy]. Artificial societies. 2023. Vol. 18. Iss. 3. URL: https://artsoc.jes.su/s207751800026948-1-1

DOI: 10.33917/es-2.194.2024.5

DOI: 10.33917/mic-2.115.2024.92-105

The article proposes a normative-dynamic approach, new for Russia, to the assessment and analysis of state strategic planning for the development of education in the Russian Federation, aimed at improving the management of the implementation of the state program «Development of Education» for the period 2018-2025 and the national project «Education» for the period 2024-2030. Based on the use of rank correlation methods and taking into account the current legislative acts and strategic planning documents, various options for the current, short-term, medium-term and long-term normative and dynamic assessment of the development of education in the Russian Federation are considered. The conclusion is made about the weak scientific validity and low effectiveness of the state strategic planning of the State Program for the development of education in the Russian Federation.

References:

[1–8] see No. 1(114)/2024. pp. 99–100.

9. Analysis of state programs – 2021. GP-02 «Development of Education» [Electronic resource]. URL: https://ach.gov.ru/upload/

10. Federal Law of December 8, 2020 No. 385-FZ «On the federal budget for 2021 and for the planning period of 2022 and 2023» [Electronic resource]. URL: http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/

11. Heckman J.J. Policies to foster human capital. Research in Economics. 2000. Vol. 54. pp. 3–56.

12. Soldatov R.V., Afonina I.A. Normative-dynamic approach to the assessment and analysis of state strategic planning for the development of education in Russia. Part 1. Microeconomics. 2024;1:94–100. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.33917/mic-1.114.2024.94–100.

13. Report on the interim results of an expert-analytical event to monitor the progress of implementation of NGOs, 2024. pp. 31. [Electronic resource]. URL: https://ach.gov.ru/upload/iblock/

14. Russian statistical yearbook, 2022. pp. 189–215. [Electronic resource]. URL: https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/

15. Report to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on the implementation of state policy in the field of education (2023) [Electronic resource]. URL: http://static.government.ru/media/files/

DOI: 10.33917/mic-2.115.2024.81-91

The article deals with the current problems of Russia’s successful advancement into the future and its gaining a leading position on the world stage. The solution to these problems is based on increasing the effectiveness of countering threats to financial security and financial sovereignty of the country through the introduction into practice of the activities of interested public authorities of the latest achievements of scientific and technological progress.

References:

1. Abalkin L.I. Russia’s strategic response to the challenges of the new century. Moscow: Exam, 2004.

2. Agapova T.N., Anishchenko E.V. On the new paradigm of the development of the world economy and its reflection in theoretical ideas about the sustainability of ensuring economic security in Russia. Problems of economics and legal practice. 2019;15(5):42–47. (In Russ.).

3. Anishchenko E.V. Russia’s security in the context of socio-economic reforms. Financial analytics. 2014;14(200). (In Russ.).

4. Dumnaya N.N. The global crisis: systemic risks of financial markets [Electronic resource]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/mirovoy-krizis-sistemnye-riski-finansovyh-rynkov/viewer

5. Keynes J.M. The general theory of employment, interest and money. Favorites. M.: Eksmo, 2009.

6. Korsuntsev I. Virtual finance. M., 2009.

7. Kupreschenko N.P. The essence and structure of the modern shadow economy (system-conceptual analysis). Bulletin of the Academy of Tax Police. Academy of Tax Police of the Federal Tax Service of Russia. 2003. Issue 3.

8. Putin V.V. Message of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, December 12, 2012, Moscow, Kremlin [Electronic resource]. URL: http://news.kremlin.ru/news/17118

9. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 11/17/2008 No. 1662–r (as amended on 08.08.2009) «On the Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020» (together with the «Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020»). Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 11/24/2008, No. 47, Article 5489.

10. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 8, 2011 No. 2227–r «On the Strategy of Innovative Development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020» [Electronic resource]. URL: https://www.garant.ru/

11. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated 07/02/2021 No. 400 «On the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation» [Electronic resource]. URL: http://www.pravo.gov.ru

12. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated 05/13/2017 No. 208 «On the Strategy of Economic Security of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030». Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 05/15/2017, No. 20, Article 2902.

13. Federal Law No. 209–FZ dated July 24, 2007 «On the development of small and medium-sized Enterprises in the Russian Federation». Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 30.07.2007, No. 31, Article 4006.

DOI: 10.33917/mic-2.115.2024.75-80

The formation of revenues of the country’s consolidated budget largely depends on the receipt of taxes from subsoil use, where the mineral extraction tax plays a decisive role. Due to the strengthening of its fiscal role, the tax is losing its regulatory significance for the rational use of subsoil. The article examines the tax regulation of the use of hydrocarbon reserves based on a methodological approach to assessing their value and the mechanism for calculating the per-ton rate of reserve redemption. By establishing per-ton reserve redemption rates for newly commissioned hydrocarbon fields, the state acquires a stable source of income and an effective mechanism for monitoring the rational use of subsoil.

References:

1. Tax Code of the Russian Federation (Part II) [Electronic resource]. URL: www.consultant.ru

2. Pelmeneva A.A. Features of hydrocarbon production taken into account in the modern tax system of Russia. Mineral Resources of Russia. Economics and Management. 2020;4–5:69–74. (In Russ.).

3. Grigoriev G.A., Otmas A.A. The tax system as a factor in stabilizing oil production: the state and problems of reform. Mineral Resources of Russia. Economics and Management. 2019;4:21–28. (In Russ.).

4. Panfilov E.I. On improving the quality of federal laws relating to the development of mineral resources of the earth’s subsoil (expert assessment). Rational development of subsoil. 2020;1:50–56. (In Russ.).

5. Kimelman S.A. Mining rent: on the issue of a different taxation system. Oil and Gas Vertical. 2010;7:26–33. (In Russ.).

6. State report «On the state and use of the mineral resource base of the Russian Federation in 2021». M.: MPR of Russia, 2022. 626 p.

7. Classification of reserves and resources of oil and flammable gases. Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation dated November 1, 2013 No. 477 (Registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia on December 31, 2013, registration No. 30943) [Electronic resource]. URL: www.consultant.ru

8. Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia dated September 30, 2008 No. 232 (as amended on October 15, 2019) «On approval of the Methodology for determining the starting amount of a one-time payment for the use of subsoil» (together with the «Methodology for calculating the minimum (starting) amount of a one-time payment for the use of subsoil») (Registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia on December 22, 2008 No. 12914) [Electronic resource]. URL: www.consultant.ru

9. Melekhin E.S. Economic aspects of rational subsoil use. Microeconomics. 2023;1:61–66. (In Russ.).

10. Kuzina E.S., Melekhin E.S. On the reliability of geological and economic estimates in subsoil use. Mineral Resources of Russia. Economics and Management. 2019;5:52–55. (In Russ.).

11. Bogatkina Yu.G. Problems of valuation of reserves and resources of natural hydrocarbons taking into account risk factors. Nezh Problems of economics and management of the oil and gas complex. 2021;4 (196):8–13. (In Russ.).