DOI: 10.33917/es-3.195.2024.80-85

Among premiums for various types of risks, determining the value of the capitalization/reduction rate in the formulas of the income approach to evaluation and efficiency of investment projects, the premium for country risk occupies a significant place.

At the same time, taken independently, it can be considered as an indicator characterizing the investment attractiveness of the country. The article describes many years of experience in calculating the country risk premium for the Republic of Belarus, the Russian Federation, Ukraine and other countries. The influence of the Russian Special Military Operation in Ukraine on the value of this indicator is demonstrated. The article is intended for financial advisors, appraisers, teachers, students and scientists in the field of finance and valuation, as well as for specialists in related fields of economics.

References:

1. Trifonov N.Yu. Kompleksnaya otsenka nedvizhimosti [Comprehensive Real Estate Valuation]. Ucheb. posobie. Minsk, Vysheyshaya shkola, 2022, 238 p.

2. Trifonov N.Yu. Evolyutsiya ponyatiya “stoimost’” v sovremennoy otsenochnoy deyatel’nosti [Evolution of “Value” Concept in Modern Evaluation Activities].

Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2020, no 4, pp. 96–103, DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/es-4.170.2020.96-103

3. Trifonov N.Yu. Dokhodnyy podkhod k otsenke stoimosti: poslednie dostizheniya [Income Valuation Approach: Recent Advances]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2021, no 3(177), pp. 100–109, DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/es-3.177.2021.100–109

4. Trifonov N.Yu. Razvitie metoda nakopleniya riskov dlya rascheta stavki kapitalizatsii [Development of the Risk Accumulation Method for Calculating the Capitalization Rate]. Ekonomicheskaya nauka sovremennoy Rossii, 2021, no 1, pp. 7–14, DOI: https://doi.org/10.33293/1609-1442-2021-1(92)-7-14

5. Metodicheskie rekomendatsii po otsenke effektivnosti investitsionnykh proektov (vtoraya redaktsiya) [Methodological Recommendations for Assessing the Effectiveness of Investment Projects (Second Edition)]. Ofitsial’noe izdanie. Ministerstvo econ. RF, Ministerstvo fin. RF i dr.; ruk. avt. kol. Kossov V.V. i

dr. Moskva, Izdatel’stvo economika, 2000, 421 p.

6. Sharp W.F., Alexander G.J., and Bailey J.W. Investments, 6th Ed., Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1998.

7. Damodaran, A. Investment Valuation: Tools and Techniques for Determining the Value of Any Asset, 3rd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2012.

8. Ibbotson R.G. Stocks Bonds Bills and Inflation 1996 Yearbook: Market Results for 1926–1995 (Stocks, Bonds, Bills and Inflation (Sbbi) Yearbook. Chicago, The Associates, 1996.

9. Federal Reserve Board – Home, available at: http://federalreserve.gov/

10. Trifonov N.Yu. Premiya za stranovoy risk kak pokazatel’ investitsionnoy privlekatel’nosti (na primere Respubliki Belarus’) [Country Risk Premium as an Indicator of Investment Attractiveness (Case of Republic of Belarus)]. Obshchestvo i ekonomika, 2023, no 8, pp. 112–116, DOI:

DOI: 10.33917/es-3.195.2024.68-79

This work continues to examine the model-oriented system engineering [1–3] and at the same time presents an approach based on streamlining and sequentially complex complementing of MBSE formats according to the principle “from simpler to more complex” with the subsequent study of the possibility to include the considered modeling formats in tool platforms of digital engineering. The main focus is made on the systematic orderliness and logic of the approach presentation, with the understanding that in the subject area there is a wide range of divergent definitions (the well-known effect of the language of the Tower of Babel builders).

References:

1. Kondrat’ev V.V. Model’no-orientirovannyy sistemnyy inzhiniring 2.0 [Model-Based Systems Engineering 2.0]. Moscow, MF TI, 2021.

2. Garichev S.N., Gorbachev R.A., Davydenko E.V., Dzhaparov B.A., Kondrat’ev V.V. Model’no-orientirovannyy inzhiniring fiziko-tekhnicheskikh, informatsionnykh i intellektual’nykh system [Model-Based Engineering of Physical, Technical, Information and Intelligent Systems]. Trudy MFTI, 2022, vol.

14, no 2.

3. Kondrat’ev V.V., Tishchenko E.B. Arkhitekturnyy inzhiniring gibridnykh modeley, vklyuchayushchikh tsifrovye dvoyniki i mashinnoe obuchenie [Architectural Engineering of Hybrid Models Incorporating Digital Twins and Machine Learning]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2023, no 5(191), pp. 94–99, DOI:

10.33917/es-5.191.2023.94-99

4. Semin A.N., Tishchenko E.B., Kislitskiy M.M., Kurdyumov A.V. Razvitie metodologicheskikh polozheniy proektnogo upravleniya v sfere obespecheniya tekhnologicheskogo suvereniteta APK [Development of Methodological Provisions of Project Management in the Field of Ensuring Technological Sovereignty of the Agro-Industrial Complex]. Fundamental’nye i prikladnye issledovaniya kooperativnogo sektora ekonomiki, 2022, no 4, pp. 3–10.

5. Kondrat’ev V.V., Lorents V.Ya. Daesh’ inzhiniring! [Give me Engineering!]. Moscow, Eksmo, 2007 (Navigator dlya professionala).

6. Romanov A.A. Prikladnoy sistemnyy inzhiniring [Applied Systems Engineering]. Moscow, FIZMATLIT, 2015.

7. Borovkov A.I., Burdakov S.F., Klyavin O.I., Mel’nikova M.P., Mikhaylov A.A., Nemov A.S., Pal’mov V.A., Silina E.N. Komp’yuternyy inzhiniring [Computer Engineering]. Ucheb. posobie. Saint Petersburg, Izd-vo Politekhn. un-ta, 2012.

8. Potyupkin A.Yu., Chechkin A.V. Iskusstvennyy intellekt. Na baze informatsionno-sistemnoy izbytochnosti [Artificial Intelligence. Based on Information System Redundancy]. Moscow, Kurs, 2022.

9. Organizatsionnyy dizayn. Resheniya dlya korporatsiy, kompaniy, predpriyatiy: Mul’timediynoe uchebnoe posobie + Praktikum na CD-R [Organizational Design. Solutions for Corporations, Companies, Enterprises: Multimedia Textbook + Workshop on CD-R]. Pod red. V.V. Kondrat’eva. Moscow, INFRA-M, 2018 (Upravlenie proizvodstvom).

10. ArchiMate. Vikipediya, available at: https://ru.wikipedia.org/

11. Generativnyy iskusstvennyy intellekt [Generative Artificial Intelligence]. Vikipediya. URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/

DOI: 10.33917/es-3.195.2024.60-67

In any organization, regardless of its scale/dimension (from an enterprise to a state), two goals that are invariant with respect to activity are relevant: sustainability and development of the organization. Neither of these goals should be achieved at the expense of the other. Technological dependence of industrial and financial capital on information technology has made corporate IT an important element of an organization. However, corporate IT of large industrial companies has its  own peculiarities. They focus on sustainability of the IT infrastructure, and give the initiative in developing functionalit y of business systems to the so-called functional customers. In the current turbulent conditions it is necessary to abandon the stereotypes of corporate IT management. The article provides recommendations to general directors and shareholders of large industrial companies.

References:

1. Bashnin A.V., Ozols O.K. Importozameshchenie kul’tury izmerenii [Import Substitution of the Culture of Measurements]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2023, no 4(190), pp. 78–85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/es-4.190.2023.78-85

2. Vlast’ v SShA zakhvatila “bol’shaya tsifra” [Power in the USA Was Seized by “Big Numbers”]. Rambler, 2021, 10 marta, available at: https://news.rambler.ru/conflicts/45977057/?utm_content=news_media&utm_medium=read_more&utm_source=copylink

3. Kvitko Yu. “Tsifra” pronikla vo vse sfery ekonomiki [“Digital” has Penetrated All Spheres of the Economy]. Rossiyskaya gazeta, 2020, 28 aprelya, no 8147, available at: https://rg.ru/2020/04/28/cifra-pronikla-vo-vse-sfery-ekonomiki.html

4. Everett C. Johnson. IT governance: More needs to be done. ZD-Net, available at: https://www.zdnet.com/article/it-governance-more-needs-to-bedone/

DOI: 10.33917/es-3.195.2024.50-59

Innovation is a key factor in the modern economy development. At the same time, strategic planning in the context of innovation development is a primary step towards scientific and technological leadership and sovereignt y. In the modern world, key powers are investing enormous amounts of money in the race for leadership in the field of ar tificial intelligence, defining innovation for the coming years and decades. At the moment most countries, including Russia, have already formed their strategic vision for this sphere’s development. If we consider ar tificial intelligence technologies not just as a way to automate production processes, but as a tool to transform the entire economy due to the synergistic ef fect from introducing these technologies, then the question of the current role of AI in strategizing innovation becomes paramount. Analysis of the relationship between strategic planning documents and the National AI Development Strategy will mak e it possible to identify its place in the existing hierarchy of strategic documents and, as a result, to determine the strategy’s potential in stimulating Russia’s innovation development and economic transformation.

References:

1. Ukaz Prezidenta RF ot 10 oktyabrya 2019 g. N 490 “O razvitii iskusstvennogo intellekta v Rossiyskoy Federatsii” [Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated October 10, 2019 No. 490 “On the Development of Artificial Intelligence in the Russian Federation”]. Garant, available at: https://base.garant.ru/72838946

2. Porter M. Konkurentnaya strategiya. Metodika analiza otrasley konkurentov [Competitive Strategy. Methodology for Analyzing Competitors’ Industries]. Moscow, Al’pina Pablisher, 2015, 435 p.

3. Khamel G., Prakhalad K.K. Konkuriruya za budushchee. Sozdanie rynkov zavtrashnego dnya [Competing for the Future. Creating Tomorrow’s Markets]. Moscow, Olimp-Biznes, 2014, 288 p.

4. Kvint V.L. Kontseptsiya strategirovaniya [Concept of Strategizing]. Kemerovo, Kemerovskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet, 2022, 170 p., DOI: 10.21603/978-5-8353-2562-7

5. Artificial Intelligence Index Report, 2023. Stanford University, available at: https://aiindex.stanford.edu/report/

6. Pasport FP “Iskusstvennyy intellect” [FP Passport of “Artificial Intelligence”]. Konsul’tantPlyus. Sudebnye i normativnye akty RF, available at: https://sudact.

ru/law/pasport-federalnogo-proekta-iskusstvennyi-intellekt-natsionalnoi-programmy

7. Indeks gotovnosti prioritetnykh otrasley ekonomiki Rossiyskoy Federatsii k vnedreniyu iskusstvennogo intellekta: Analiticheskiy otchet [Index of Readiness of Priority Sectors of the Russian Economy for Implementing Artificial Intelligence: Analytical Report]. Analiticheskiy tsentr pri Pravitel’stve RF; MGU imeni

M.V. Lomonosova, 2021, 159 p.

8. Kolin K.K. Novyy etap razvitiya iskusstvennogo intellekta: natsional’nye strategii, tendentsii i prognozy [New Stage of Artificial Intelligence Development: National Strategies, Trends and Forecasts]. Strategicheskie prioritety, 2019, no 2(22), pp. 4–12.

DOI: 10.33917/es-3.195.2024.44-49

The author examines the legal features of the procedure for the confiscation (expropriation) of frozen Russian assets by Western countries. The procedural aspects of the possible illegal seizure of Russian property are analyzed in the context of international law, taking into account the role of the UN Security Council.

References:

1. V MID predupredili Zapad o posledstviyakh konfiskatsii aktivov [The Foreign Ministry warned the West about the consequences of asset confiscation]. RIA Novosti, 2024, 28 yanvarya, available at: https://ria.ru/20240128/preduprezhdenie-1923932382.html

2. V MID poobeshchali dat’ adekvatnyy otvet v sluchae konfiskatsii aktivov Rossii [The Foreign Ministry promised to give an adequate response in the event of confiscation of Russian assets]. Izvestiya, 2024, 28 yanvarya, available at: https://iz.ru/1641034/2024-01-28/v-mid-rf-poobeshchali-dat-adekvatnyiotvet-v-sluchae-konfiskatcii-aktivov-rossii

3. Ustav Organizatsii Ob”edinennykh Natsiy (Prinyat v g. San-Frantsisko 26 iyunya 1945 g.) [Charter of the United Nations (Adopted in San Francisco on June 26, 1945)]. Konsul’tant Plyus, available at: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_121087/

4. Case concerning military and paramilitary activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America),

available at: https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/70/070-19841126-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf

5. Legal consequences for states of the continued presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970), available at: https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/53/053-19710621-ADV-01-00-EN.pdf

6. Venskaya Konventsiya o prave mezhdunarodnykh dogovorov (Zaklyuchena v Vene 23 maya 1969 g.) [Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (Concluded in Vienna on May 23, 1969)]. Mezhdunarodnoe publichnoe pravo: Sb. dokumentov. T. 1. Moscow, BEK, 1996, pp. 67–87.

7. Mezhdunarodnyy pakt o grazhdanskikh i politicheskikh pravakh (Prinyat 16 dekabrya 1966 g. Rezolyutsiey 2200 (XXI) na 1496-m plenarnom zasedanii General’noy Assamblei OON) [International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Adopted on December 16, 1966 by Resolution 2200 (XXI) at the 1496th

plenary meeting of the UN General Assembly)]. Byulleten’ Verkhovnogo Suda RF, 1994, no 12.

8. Yassin Abdullah Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation v. Council and Commission (No. C-402/05 P, No. C-415/05 P). InfoCuria. Case-lav, available at: https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?docid=67611&text=&dir=&doclang=EN

9. Rezolyutsiya Soveta Bezopasnosti OON № 820 (1993) (Prinyata v g. N’yu-Yorke 17 aprelya 1993 g. na 3200-m zasedanii Soveta Bezopasnosti OON)

[UN Security Council Resolution No. 820 (1993) (Adopted in New York on April 17, 1993 at the 3200th meeting of the UN Security Council)]. E-Dos’e, available at: https://e-ecolog.ru/docs/hBTmnhvK14cT0aDj1-QMd?utm_referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fyandex.ru%2F

DOI: 10.33917/es-3.195.2024.34-43

The article analyzes mechanisms of sanctions action and the problems that are faced by countries that use this political instrument. Particular attention is paid to cases of applying sanctions against the Russian Federation and Iran without expressing any subjective opinion on the legality of these countries’ actions. It is proved that economic sanctions in most cases are fraught with economic costs for all participants in sanctions episodes, including countries that initiate these sanctions. The country, against which the sanctions are imposed, is likely to develop trade relations with the third parties that do not participate in the sanctions coalition.

References:

1. Alekseeva T.A. Sovremennaya politicheskaya mysl’ (XX–XXI vv.): politicheskaya teoriya i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya [Modern Political Thought (XX–XXI centuries): Political Theory and International Relations]. Moscow, Aspekt Press, 2015.

2. Timofeev I.N. Ekonomicheskie sanktsii kak politicheskoe ponyatie [Economic Sanctions as a Political Concept]. Vestnik MGIMO-Universiteta, 2018, no 2(59), pp. 26–42, DOI: 10.24833/2071-8160-2018-2-59-26-42

3. ES i SShA otsenivayut vliyanie sobstvennykh sanktsiy v otnoshenii Rossii [The EU and the US Assess the Impact of their own Sanctions Against Russia]. Otkrytyy zhurnal, 2022, 5 marta, available at: https://journal.open-broker.ru/results/itogi-nedeli-ot-5-marta-2022/

4. Khaffbauer G., Shott D., Elliot K., Egg B. Peresmotr ekonomicheskikh sanktsiy [Revision of Economic Sanctions]. Elsevier. Zhurnal mezhdunarodnoy ekonomiki, 2007, vol. 76(1), pp. 135–137.

5. Rezolyutsiya 1929, prinyataya Sovetom Bezopasnosti na ego 6335-m zasedanii 9 iyunya 2010 g. [Resolution 1929, Adopted by the Security Council at its 6335th Meeting on 9 June 2010]. Sovet Bezopasnosti OON, available at: https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/ru/s/res/1929-%282010%29

DOI: 10.33917/es-3.195.2024.16-27

Chronicles of the trade and economic war (sanctions, restrictions, etc., in fact, attempts to organize an economic, scientific and technical blockade) of the conventionally united West against Russia after 2014 in general and after the beginning of the Limited Military Operation in particular clearly demonstrate that Atlantic opponents didn’t manage to defeat us economically. They don’t understand why that happened… Russia, to the whole world’s surprise, is successfully realizing its economic potential, monetizing it into stability of the political regime and building up a victorious defence potential. What’s the cause of such macroeconomic stability (national strength) of Russia?

References:

1. Isard W. Interregional and Regional Input-Output Analysis: A Model of a Space Economy. Review of Economics and Statistics, 1951, vol. 33, pp. 318–328.

2. Leontief W., Strout A. Multiregional Input-Output Analysis. Structural Interdependence and Economic Development (ed. T. Barna). London, Macmillan (St. Martin’s Press), 1963, pp. 119–149.

3. Koopman R., Wang Z., Wei Shang-Jin. Tracing Value-Added and Double Counting in Gross Exports. NBER Working Paper no 18579, Cambridge, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2012.

4. Makarov V.L., Bakhtizin A.R., Sushko E.D. Natsional’naya strategicheskaya sila stran, mezhdunarodnaya torgovlya i ekonomicheskaya uspeshnost’ stran v nestabil’nom mire [National Strategic Power of Countries, International Trade and Economic Success of Countries in the unstable World]. Strategirovanie: teoriya i praktika, 2023, vol. 3, no 3(9), pp. 277–297.

5. Ageev A.I., Bakhtizin A.R., Makarov V.L., Loginov E.L., Khabriev B.R. Ekonomicheskiy fundament pobedy: strategicheskiy prognoz ustoychivosti ekonomiki Rossii v

usloviyakh sanktsionnykh atak [Economic Foundation of Victory: a Strategic Forecast for the Russian Economy Stability in the Face of Sanctions]. Ekonomicheskie strategii,

2023, vol. 25, no 3(189), pp. 6–15, DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/es-3.189.2023.6-15

6. Makarov V.L., Il’in N.I., Bakhtizin A.R., Khabriev B.R. Natsional’naya sila stran mira: otsenka i prognoz [National Strength of the Countries in the World: Evaluation and Forecast]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2022, vol. 24, no 6(186), pp. 38–51, DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/es-6.186.2022.38-51

7. Makarov V.L., Bakhtizin A.R., Loginov E.L. Primenenie ekonomiko-matematicheskikh metodov i modeley optimal’nogo planirovaniya v tsifrovoy ekonomike budushchego (TsEMI AN SSSR i TsEMI RAN: prognosticheskaya interpretatsiya i razvitie nauchnogo naslediya nobelevskikh laureatov L.V. Kantorovicha i V.V. Leont’eva) [Application of Economic-mathematical Methods and Optimal Planning Models in the Digital Economy of the Future (CEMI AS USSR and CEMI RAS: Predictive

Interpretation and Development of the Scientific Heritage of Nobel Laureates L.V. Kantorovich and V.V. Leontief)]. Moscow, Tsentral’nyy ekonomiko-matematicheskiy