DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/es-3.183.2022.164-167

Digitalization is one of the main transformation processes of the modern system of global interactions, changing the nature of social links not only at the technical and economic, but also at the political level. Herewith, technological innovations also become instruments of political influence. The present article analyzes the management structure of one of the leading participants in the global financial market — the Bank for International Settlements (hereinafter — BIS) and highlights the important place the BIS occupies in the global financial architecture on the example of the Dunbar project, being developed in its innovation hub. In digital age the BIS has assumed a new leading role in exploring, developing and testing digital innovations in the central banking sector. It is noted that potential to use the BIS for political purposes is great, given that the Dunbar project will have far-reaching consequences for the structure of modern international relations.

Источники:

1. Biały B. Social media: from social exchange to battlefield. The Cyber Defense Review, 2017, vol. 2, N 2, p. 75.

2. Farakh A.S. Rol’ Banka mezhdunarodnykh raschetov v protsesse evropeiskoi integratsii. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta, 2020, no 4, pp. 75–84.

3. Promoting Global Monetary and Financial Stability. The Bank for International Settlements after Bretton Woods, 1973–2020. Edited by Claudio Borio, Stijn Claessens, Piet Clement, Robert N. McCauley, Hyun Song Shin. NY.: Cambridge University Press, 2020, p. 60.

4. Statutes of the Bank for International Settlements (of 20 January 1930; text as amended on 7 November 2016). Bank for International Settlements, 2016, 29 p., available at: https://www.bis.org/about/statutes-en.pdf.

5. Central bank digital currencies: The next disruptor. Deloitte Development LLC, 2021, September, 4, available at: https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Financial-Services/gx-fsi-central-bank-digital-currencies.pdf.

6. Annual Economic Report 2021. Bank for International Settlements, 2021, 95 p., available at: https://www.bis.org/publ/arpdf/ar2021e.pdf.

7. Lyons N.S. Just say no to CBDCs: A central bank digital currency would enable a totalitarian nightmare. The Upheaval, 2022, March, 11, available at: https://theupheaval.substack.com/p/just-say-no-to-cbdcs?s=r.

8. Enhancing cross-border payments: Stage 3 roadmap. Financial Stability Board, 2020, p. 6, available at: https://www.fsb.org/wp-content/uploads/P131020-1.pdf.

9. Project Dunbar: International settlements using multi-CBDCs. Bank for International Settlements, 2022, p. 8, available at: https://www.bis.org/publ/othp47.pdf.

10. Farrell H., Newman A.L. Weaponized interdependence: How global economic networks shape state coercion. International Security, 2019, vol. 44, N 1, p. 45.

DOI: 10.33917/mic-3.104.2022.5-11

The work is devoted to the generalization of scientific methods and practical approaches for choosing an effective gas motorization policy. Domestic and foreign peculiarities of evaluating the economic efficiency of projects in the field of gas motor fuel are disclosed in detail. The author describes the assessment of the environmental and economic benefits of natural gas motor fuel based on the calculation of social costs, the cost-benefit analysis.

The conclusion is made about the insufficient development of the model of the functioning of the gas engine market, cooperation and competitive behavior of participants, methods for assessing its economic efficiency and commercial potential at the national level and the level of economic entities.

References:

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/es-3.183.2022.5

DOI: 10.33917/es-3.183.2022.16-25

In modern economic thinking, there is an unclear division of the population into rich, poor and middle class. This structuring originated in the time of Euripides and Aristotle. However, there is still no general method for determining the parameters of the middle class, although the dynamics of growth and development of national economies significantly depends on it. The author proposes to stratify the population by the criterion of GDP per capita, calculated by purchasing power parity. At the same time, the author determines the parameters of the avant-garde, middle and rear-guard strata of the nation on the route of economic development using the proposed development gamma scale.

Источники:

1. Global Wealth Report 2015, Credit Suisse: Table 1. Middle-class share of all adults. Credit Suisse. P. 32. URL: global-wealth-report-2015.pdf.

2. Putin V.V. O srednem klasse i dokhodakh naseleniya: Interv’yu TASS. 18 marta 2020 g. Ofitsial’nyi sait Prezidenta RF, available at: http://www.kremlin.runts/president/news/63007.

3. Ponomarev V. Antropologicheskaya politekonomiya: kontseptsiya teorii samorazvitiya [Anthropological Political Economy: the Concept of Self-Development Theory]. Saarbryuken, LAP, 2013, 60 p.

4. Ponomarev V.P. Polimorfnaya gamma-shkala razvitiya geoekonomiki [Polymorphic Gamma-Scale of Economic Development]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2022, no 1, pp. 106–111, DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/es-1.181.2022.106-111.

5. Evripid. Umolyayushchie: Tragedii [Pleading: Tragedies]. Vol. 1. Literaturnye pamyatniki [Literary memorials]. Moscow, Nauka, Ladomir, 1999.

6. Rossiiskii statisticheskii ezhegodnik. 2019 [Russian Statistical Yearbook. 2019]. Moscow, Rosstat, 2019, p. 163.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/es-3.183.2022.26-37

In this paper, an attempt is made to develop a mathematical model of population growth, based on socio-economic factors of the development of the countries’ community, as well as population migration. The author presents intermediate results of his review where he studies economic community, characterized by a very uneven development of regions. Mathematical model is proposed in which a conditional “center” and “periphery” (“global city” and “world village”) are distinguished. From the analysis of the existing socio-economic conditions of development it follows that “periphery” traditionally acts as a demographic donor for the “center”. Examples of such systems include, in particular, relations of the EU-Baltic republics, the EU-Ukraine, and Russia–EAEU countries. As an explanatory principle, it is proposed to use the concept of “institutional trap”. From the mathematical model point of view, this means rigidly fixed coefficients of connection between the system elements implementing one-way connection (toward the “center”). Possible mechanisms, influencing the dynamics of the system through adopting appropriate managerial decisions, are discussed. Obtained results prove the importance of adequate mathematical models for optimizing the strategic management of society.

Источники:

1. Ukaz Prezidenta RF ot 1 dekabrya 2016 g. N 642 “O Strategii nauchno-tekhnologicheskogo razvitiya Rossiiskoi Federatsii” [Executive Order of the President of the Russian Federation dated December 1, 2016 No. 642 “On the Strategy for Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation”]. Ofitsial’nyi sait Prezidenta RF, available at: http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/41449.

2. Complex Systems and Society — Modeling and Simulation. Springer, 2013, available at:  https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4614-7242-1.

3. Solozhentsev E.D. Tsifrovoe upravlenie gosudarstvom i ekonomikoi [Digital Management of the State and Economy]. Upravlenie i planirovanie v ekonomike, 2018, no 1(17), pp. 136–153.

4. Federal’nyi zakon ot 28 iyunya 2014 g. N 172-FZ “O strategicheskom planirovanii v Rossiiskoi Federatsii” [Federal Law of June 28, 2014 No. 172-FZ “On Strategic Planning in the Russian Federation”]. Ofitsial’nyi sait Prezidenta RF, available at: http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/38630.

5. Eberlin M. Foresight: How the Chemistry of Life Reveals Planning and Purpose. Discovery Institute, 2019.

6. Gaponenko N.V. Forsait. Teoriya. Metodologiya. Opyt [Foresight. Theory. Methodology. Experience]. Monografiya. Moscow, Yuniti — Danab, 2008, 239 p.

7. Unido Technology Foresight Manual. United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna, 2005, vol. 1, p. 8.

8. Pereslegin S.B. Budushchee kak proekt: krizis futurologii [The Future as a Project: Crisis of Futurology]. Intellekt, voobrazhenie, intuitsiya: razmyshleniya o gorizontakh soznaniya (metafizicheskii i psikhologicheskii opyt). Saint-Petersburg, 2001, no 10.

DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.33917/es-3.183.2022.38-53

The scientific basis of energy strategies is represented by the sciences of natural-humanitarian synthesis that study the “nature-man-society” system: ergodynamics, system theory of capital, the science of harmony, synthetic evolutionary ecology. Method of their construction is a deductive one: from the laws of socio-natural development to the society and an individual. National wealth, or country (national) capital, is the main indicator of the state of societies. It is considered as the structural energy (energy potential) of societies in value terms. Country capital is calculated as the sum of physical, human, social and natural capital. Natural capital includes reproducible (ecocapital) and non-reproducible (paleocapital) components. Index of the life quality of societies (changes from 0 to 1) is the arithmetic mean of the ratio of the private capital production of each society to the maximum values of the production of these capitals among all the societies under consideration. The purpose of economic strategies is to ensure the systemic progress of societies. It is implemented with the growth over time of the specific (per person) country capital and, accordingly, the quality of life index. Maximum progress takes place with harmonious resolution of the opposites existing in societies. The article proposes a method for calculating country capital, its components and the life quality index.

Источники:

1. Bushuev V.V., Golubev V.S. Osnovy ergodinamiki [Ergodynamics Fundamentals]. Moscow, Energiya, 2002; izd. 2-e, Moscow, Lenand, 2012.

2. Bushuev V.V., Golubev V.S. Ergodinamika — ekorazvitie — sotsiogumanizm [Ergodynamics — Eco-development — Socio-humanism]. Moscow, Lenand, 2010.

3. Golubev V.S. Priroda — chelovek — obshchestvo: Razvitie i garmoniya [Nature — Man — Society: Development and Harmony]. Moscow Lenand, 2016.

4. Golubev V.S. Garmoniya spaset mir [Harmony will Save the World]. Moscow, Lenand, 2017.

5. Golubev V.S. Vvedenie v sinteticheskuyu evolyutsionnuyu ekologiyu [Introduction to Synthetic Evolutionary Ecology]. Moscow, Papirus Pro, 2001.

6. Bushuev V.V., Golubev V.S., Orlov I.B. Vvedenie v sistemnuyu teoriyu kapitala [Introduction to Systemic Theory of Capital]. Moscow, Lenand, 2013.

7. Bushuev V.V., Golubev V.S., Tarko A.M. Strukturnaya energiya kak potentsial razvitiya: Mir i Rossiya [Structural Energy as a Development Potential: World and Russia]. Moscow, Lenand, 2014.

8. Bushuev V.V., Golubev V.S., Kurakov L.P. Problemy formirovaniya sotsiogumanitarnoi tsivilizatsii [Problems of Shaping Socio-humanitarian Civilization]. Moscow, IAEP, 2016.

9. Bushuev V.V., Golubev V.S. Estestvenno-nauchnye osnovy sotsial’nogo gumanizma [Natural-scientific Foundations of Social Humanism]. Moscow, Lenand, 2018.

10. Golubev V.S. Ocherki ekosotsiogumanizma [Essays on Ecosociohumanism]. Moscow, Lenand, 2021.

11. Korbalan F. Zolotoe sechenie. Matematicheskii yazyk krasoty [Golden Section. Mathematical Language of Beauty]. Moscow, De Agostini, 2014.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/es-3.183.2022.54-63

The article dwells on the content of the modern finance virtualization, replacement of the real financial sphere with images, titles, simulations with their special space, time, laws and values. Objective reasons for this process are noted: monetary origins of virtualization, equity ownership and issue of securities, derivatives as financial innovations, widespread introduction of modern means of communication and information. Special role of subjective factor in increasing the finance virtualization, when speculation is used to inflate the money supply, is shown. It is emphasized that modern finance has transformed from providing and servicing the economy into dominating the economy. Working primarily for themselves, they operate globally and are constantly in movement.

They are characterized by a permanent change of ownership, blurring, diffusion of property rights, loss of control and exclusion from market self-regulation. Virtual finance is strengthening its dominance, sucking the lifeblood from material wealth, nature, man, appropriating the creative potential of society. At the same time, phenomenon of financial property and power is hidden, veiled, fictitious, dispersed throughout the world space.

The paper concludes that it is necessary to reduce, to put under democratic control the growing volume of modern virtual finance both at the national and international levels, and channel it to address the socio-economic problems of society. But it cannot be limited to this. The threat to existence of the modern world civilization has necessitated preservation and protection of the basic values of human society, the main of which is the person himself with his knowledge, culture, ethics and morality. He must be a healthy, developing personality, provided with all necessary benefits. Man is at the center of society and the state, society and the state should take care of the person.

Источники:

1. Skol’ko vsego v mire deneg? [How Much Money is There in the World?]. Vokrug sveta, 2015, March, 31, available at: http://202020.vokrugsveta.ru/quiz/215270/(31/03/2015).

2. Kak ispol’zovanie proizvodnykh finansovykh instrumentov otrazilos’ na real’nom sektore [How the Use of Derivative Financial Instruments Affected the Real Sector]. Vedomosti, 2015, July, 27, available at: https://www.vedomosti.ru/business/articles/2015/07/27/602226-kak-otrazilis-proizvodnie-finansovie-instrumentina-realnom-sektore.

3. Sazhina M.A. Priroda sovremennykh finansov [Nature of Modern Finance]. Moscow, Forum: Infra-M, 2018.

4. Jamaican currency system and money exchange rates. FreshForex, available at: https://freshforex.com/encyclopedia-forex/jamaican-currency-system/

5. Mezhdunarodnyi valyutnyi fond [International Monetary Fund], available at: https://www.imf.org/ru/home.

6. Nizhegorodtsev R.M., Streletskii A.S. Mirovoi finansovyi krizis. Prichiny, mekhanizmy, posledstviya [World Financial Crisis. Causes, Mechanisms, Consequences]. Moscow, LIBROKOM, 2008.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/es-3.183.2022.64-69

Supply support policy, which is becoming more and more relevant in Europe and America due to overheated demand, is also relevant for Russia. At the same time, active growth of the state’s information capabilities can be used to mutually coordinate the goals of social and economic development under condition of the focus on integrated development of the innovation environment and in case when the innovation cluster is the optimal institution. First of all, it forms the structure of innovative industry with a wide layer of small and medium-sized businesses, reducing transaction costs. Secondly, the combination of competition and cooperation in a cluster is especially advantageous in the innovation culture of Russia, which is distinguished by the intrinsic value of mastery and innovative community. Thirdly, the cluster makes possible to resolve a conflict between digital platforms and local economy, using the advantages of digitalization and localization to meet mutual interests that contributes to the public welfare growth.

Источники:

1. Obzor mezhdunarodnoi praktiki podderzhki ekonomiki i naseleniya v usloviyakh bor’by s pandemiei koronavirusa v Armenii, Velikobritanii, Germanii, Danii, Ispanii, Italii, Kazakhstane, Kitae, Niderlandakh, SShA, Finlyandii, Frantsii, Shvetsii, Yuzhnoi Koree, Yaponii [Review of International Practice of Supporting the Economy and the Population in the Context of Fighting the Coronavirus Pandemic in Armenia, Great Britain, Germany, Denmark, Spain, Italy, Kazakhstan, China, Netherlands, USA, Finland, France, Sweden, South Korea, Japan], available at: https://isp.hse.ru/data/2020/04/29/1544579194/COVID-19_stimulus%20packages_countries260420.pdf.

2. Cochrane J.D. The Revenge of Supply. Project Syndicate, available at: https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/supply-shortages-inflation-result-ofgovernment-policies-by-john-h-cochrane-2021-10.

3. Makhalina O.M., Makhalin V.N. Svoevremennye i adekvatnye mery po podderzhke ekonomiki i naseleniya Rossii v period pandemii [Timely and Adequate Measures to Support the Economy and Population of Russia During the Pandemic]. Vestnik RGGU. (Seriya: Ekonomika. Upravlenie. Pravo), 2021, no 1, pp. 56–70.

4. Vlasova V., Roud V. Cooperative Strategies in the Age of Open Innovation: Choice of Partners, Geography and Duration. Foresight and STI Governance, 2020, vol. 14, no 4, pp. 80–94, DOI: 10.17323/2500-2597.2020.4.80.94.

5. Bator F.M. Fine Tuning. In: Eatwell J., Milgate M., Newman P. (eds) The World of Economics. The New Palgrave, Palgrave Macmillan, London, 1991, available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21315-3_35.

6. Minski Kh. Stabiliziruya nestabil’nuyu ekonomiku [Stabilizing Unstable Economy]. Moscow, Saint-Petersburg, Izd-vo Instituta Gaidara, fakul’tet svobodnykh iskusstv i nauk SPbGU, 2017, 624 p.

7. Berdin A.E., Berdina M. Regional’nye osobennosti razvitiya osobykh ekonomicheskikh zon. Na primere stran latinoamerikanskogo regiona [Regional Specific Features of Development of Special Economic Zones. On the Example of the Latin American Countries]. Latinskaya Amerika, 2021, no 3, pp. 33–54.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/es-3.183.2022.70-77

The article analyzes scientific views of different schools and directions of economic thought on the business value formation. In the study, the author identifies and analyzes the main approaches of theoretical and economic research to studying the problem of the business value formation: cost and behaviour. The author comes to believe that scientific views on the problem of value formation were evolving along the line of “cost approach → behavioral approach”. The process of forming the value of business is a system of economic interactions. Any system of economic interactions of various subjects should be institutionalized. Certain formal and informal norms and rules of conduct organize and coordinate the process of business value formation.

Источники:

1. Engel’s F. Anti-Dyuring [Anti-Duhring]. Marks K., Engel’s F. Soch. [Works]. Moscow, Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1961, vol. 20, pp. 242.

2. Smit A. Issledovanie o prirode i prichinakh bogatstva narodov: Antologiya ekonomicheskoi klassiki [Study on the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations: Anthology of Economic Classics]. Vol. 1. Moscow, Ekonov, 1993.

3. Mill’ Dzh.S. Osnovy politicheskoi ekonomii [Fundamentals of Political Economy]. Moscow, Progress, 1980–1981, vol. 2, pp. 339–340, 351, 356.

4. Bem-Baverk E. Osnovy teorii tsennosti khozyaistvennykh blag [Fundamentals of the Theory of the Economic Goods Value]. Avstriiskaya shkola v politicheskoi ekonomii [Austrian School in Political Economy]. Moscow, Progress, 1992, p. 334.

5. Chemberlin E. Teoriya monopolisticheskoi konkurentsii: (reorientatsiya teorii stoimosti) [Theory of Monopolistic Competition: (Reorientation of the Value Theory]. Moscow, Ekonomika, 1996, 351 p.

6. Anan’in O.I. Struktura ekonomiko-teoreticheskogo znaniya: metodologicheskii analiz [Structure of Economic and Theoretical Knowledge: Methodological Analysis]. Moscow, Nauka, 2005, pp. 46, 47. (Ekonomicheskaya teoriya i strategiya razvitiya).

7. Blaug M. Ekonomicheskaya mysl’ v retrospective [Economic Thought In Retrospect]. Moscow, Delo Ltd, 1994, 720 p.

8. Marks K. Kapital. Kritika politicheskoi ekonomii [Capital. Criticism of Political Economy]. Marks K., Engel’s F. Soch. [Compositions]. Moscow, Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1961, vol. 25, part I, II.

9. Keins Dzh.M. Obshchaya teoriya zanyatosti, protsenta i deneg [General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money]. Antologiya sovremennoi klassiki [Anthology of Modern Classics]. Moscow, Ekonov, 1993, p. 153.

10. Veblen T. The Place of Science in Modern Civilization. New York, 1919, p. 241.

11. Seligmen B. Osnovnye techeniya sovremennoi ekonomicheskoi mysli [Main Tendencies of Modern Economic Thought]. Moscow, Progress, 1968, 600 p.

12. Veblen T. Teoriya prazdnogo klassa [Theory of the Leisure Class]. Moscow, Progress, 1984, p. 216.

13. Marks K. Kapital. Kritika politicheskoi ekonomii [Capital. Criticism of Political Economy]. Marks K., Engel’s F. Soch. [Compositions]. Moscow, Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1955–1981, vol. 23–25, 1960–1962.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/es-3.183.2022.78-87

The article analyses the market of goods and services at the initial stage of nuclear fuel cycle. Particular attention is paid to nuclear fuel fabrication and the impact of new promising types of fuel (including tolerant) on domestic companies’ market positions. Based on scenario analysis, the authors show the possibility to partially offset export earnings in case of possible loss of the fabrication market share due to increasing sales in other key stages of the nuclear fuel cycle — uranium conversion and enrichment.

Источники:

1. Increased Accident Tolerance of Fuels for Light Water Reactors. Workshop Proceedings OECD/NEA Headquarters Issy-les-Moulineaux, France, 10–12 December 2012. NEA-OECD, 2013, 534 p.

2. State-of-the-Art Report on Light Water Reactor Accident-Tolerant Fuels. NEA-OECD, 2018, 372 p.

3. Nikipelova N. Viewpoint: How ATF could shape the nuclear fuel market. World Nuclear News, available at: https://world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Viewpoint-How-ATF-could-shape-the-nuclear-fuel-mar.

4. Semenov E.V., Kharitonov V.V. Mikroekonomika povysheniya bezopasnosti AES na osnove tolerantnogo topliva [Microeconomics of NPP Safety Improvement Based on Tolerant Fuel]. Mikroekonomika, 2021, no 5, pp. 49–62.

5. Karpyuk L.A., Kuznetsov V.I., Maslov A.A. et al. Toplivo s khromovym pokrytiem obolochki tvela, ustoichivoe k avarii [Fuel with Chromium-Plated Fuel Element Cladding, Crash Resistant]. Atomnaya energiya, 2021, no 3, pp. 142–148.

6. Karpyuk L.A., Savchenko A.M., Leont’eva-Smirnova M.V. et al. Perspektivy primeneniya stal’nykh obolochek dlya tvelov reaktorov tipa VVER v ramkakh kontseptsii topliva, ustoichivogo k avariinym situatsiyam [Prospects for Applying Steel Cladding for Fuel Elements of VVER Type Reactors Within the Concept of Fuel Resistant to Emergency Situations]. Atomnaya energiya, 2020, no 4, pp. 203–207.

7. Karpyuk L.A., Lysikov A.V., Maslov A.A. et al. Perspektivnoe metallicheskoe uran-molibdenovoe toplivo, ustoichivoe k avariyam [Promising Metallic Uraniummolybdenum Fuel Resistant to Accidents]. Atomnaya energiya, 2021, no 3, pp. 148–152.

8. Karpyuk L.A., Novikov V.V., Kulakov G.V. et al. Splav 42KhNM i karbid kremniya kak material obolochek tvelov, ustoichivykh k avariyam [42KhNM Alloy and Silicon Carbide as a Material for Fuel Rod Cladding Resistant to Accidents]. Atomnaya energiya, 2021, no 4, pp. 211–215.

9. Kritskii V.G., Kalin B.A. Korroziya obolochek tvelov v zhiznennom tsikle TVS legkovodnykh reaktorov [Corrosion of Fuel Claddings in the Life Cycle of Fuel Assemblies in Light Water Reactors]. Moscow, NIYaU MIFI, 2020, 200 p.

10. Kharitonov V.V. Dinamika razvitiya yadernoi energetiki. Ekonomiko-analiticheskie model [Dynamics of Nuclear Power Development. Economic and Analytical Models]. NIYaU MIFI, 2014, 328 p.

11. Sinev M.N. Ekonomika yadernoi energetiki: Osnovy tekhnologii i ekonomiki proizvodstva yadernogo topliva. Ekonomika AES [Nuclear Power Economics: Fundamentals of Technology and Economics of Nuclear Fuel Production. NPP Economics]. M.: Energoatomizdat, 1987. 480 s.