DOI: 10.33917/es-4.190.2023.40-47

The quantitative indicators of dedollarization in the global economy are given. It is revealed that in the short-term the measures to abandon the U.S. dollar may have a limited impact on the global foreign exchange market, but in the longer-term the demand for the U.S. dollar may weaken. The implementation of transactions directly by countries on a bilateral basis using national currencies will thus make the global foreign exchange market more balanced. It is found that the development of dedollarization process is influenced by three major factors: the U.S. dollar’s usage as an instrument of sanctions pressure; the strengthening of the U.S. dollar; the emergence of new technological innovations. The article concludes that the development of dedollarization process along with the creation of new international payments mechanisms in the middle-term will continue to reduce the role of the U.S. dollar in the modern international monetary and financial system.

References:

1. Georgiadis G., Le Mezo H., Mehl A., Tille C. Fundamentals vs. Policies: Can the US Dollar’s Dominance in Global Trade Be Dented? Working Paper Series No. 2574. Frankfurt am Main: ECB, 2021, 47 p., available at: https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecb.wp2574~664b8e9249.en.pdf.

2. Jamrisko M., Carson R. Suddenly Everyone Is Hunting for Alternatives to the US Dollar. Bloomberg. 21.12.2022, available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-21/fx-weaponization-supercharges-de-dollarization-drive.

3. World Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves. IMF, available at: https://data.imf.org/regular.aspx?key=41175.

4. Arslanalp S., Eichengreen B., Simpson-Bell Ch. Dollar Dominance and the Rise of Nontraditional Reserve Currencies. IMF. 01.06.2022, available at: https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2022/06/01/blog-dollar-dominance-and-the-rise-of-nontraditional-reserve-currencies.

5. China to Use Shanghai Exchange for Yuan Energy Deals with Gulf Nations — Xi. Reuters. 09.12.2022, available at: https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/chinas-xi-tells-gulf-nations-use-shanghai-exchange-yuan-energy-deals-2022-12-09/

6. OTC Foreign Exchange Turnover by Currency. BIS, available at: https://www.bis.org/statistics/rpfx22_fx_tables.xlsx.

7. Mazumdar R. India Seeks to Globalize Payment Systems, Keep Processing Local. Bloomberg. 17.06.2022, available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-06-17/india-seeks-to-globalize-payment-systems-keep-processing-local.

8. The Dollar Is as Strong as Ever. Isn’t It?. The Economist. 08.09.2022, available at: https://www.economist.com/leaders/2022/09/08/the-dollar-is-as-strong-as-ever-isnt-it.

9. Weinland D. China is Rapidly Rolling out Its New Digital Currency. The Economist. 18.11.2022, available at: https://www.economist.com/the-world-ahead/2022/11/18/china-is-rapidly-rolling-out-its-new-digital-currency

DOI: 10.33917/es-4.190.2023.30-39

In the face of tough international competition in the digital economy, in order to protect national cybersecurity and economic interests, China needs to find a project that is different from the West. This is how the Digital Silk Road looks like today. Through this route China may connect the Eurasian countries and counter US sanctions. The present article dwells on strategic importance of the Digital Silk Road for China and makes suggestions on what role Russia should play in this project.

References:

1. National Research Council et al. Funding a revolution: Government support for computing research. National Academies Press, 1999.

2. Ashmanov I. Rossiya — uzhe tsifrovaya koloniya? [Is Russia Already a Digital Colony?]. Oktagon, 2020, 24 iyunya, available at: https://octagon.media/istorii/rossiya_uzhe_cifrovaya_koloniya.html.

3. Syan Kun. Konnotatsiya, struktura i puti razvitiya stroitel’stva Tsifrovogo shelkovogo puti s tochki zreniya tsifrovoi ekonomiki [Connotation, Structure and ways of Developing the Construction of the Digital Silk Road from the Digital Economy Perspective]. Western Forum, 2017, no 27(6), pp. 11–16, available at: http://www.cqvip.com/qk/81565c/201706/7000410580.html.

4. Van Daochzhen. Kitaisko-v’etnamskoe sotrudnichestvo v oblasti tsifrovoi ekonomiki s tochki zreniya Tsifrovogo shelkovogo puti [Sino-Vietnamese Cooperation in the Field of Digital Economy from the Perspective of the Digital Silk Road]. Zhurnal Ekonomicheskogo universiteta Khubei, 2021, no 19(3), available at: http://qks.hbue.edu.cn/_upload/article/files/02/a7/3935d59c49a6af985b6ea937f193/1864296a-bdf2-4219-a6d9-e0c48e85c4ad.pdf.

5. Ministerstvo torgovli Kitaiskoi Narodnoi Respubliki [Website], available at: http://chinawto.mofcom.gov.cn/article/e/r/202211/20221103366410.shtml.

6. Videnie i deistviya po sodeistviyu sovmestnomu stroitel’stvu Ekonomicheskogo poyasa Shelkovogo puti i Morskogo Shelkovogo puti XXI veka [Vision and Actions to Promote Joint Construction of the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road]. Gosudarstvennaya administratsiya po regulirovaniyu rynka, 2015, available at: http://www.cnca.gov.cn/rdzt/2017/ydyl/qwfb/201705/t20170531_54404.shtml.

7. Kitai i arabskie strany sovmestno stroyat “Shelkovyi put’ onlain” [China and Arab Countries are Jointly Building the “Silk Road Online”] // Agentstvo novostei Sin’khua, 2017, available at: https://www.sohu.com/a/190280445_161795.

8. Si Tszin’pin prinyal uchastie v tseremonii otkrytiya Foruma mezhdunarodnogo sotrudnichestva “Odin poyas, odin put’” i vystupil s programmnoi rech’yu [Xi Jinping Attended the Opening Ceremony of the One Belt, One Road International Cooperation Forum and Delivered a Keynote Address]. Kommunisticheskaya partiinaya set’, 2017, available at: https://news.12371.cn/2017/05/14/VIDE1494762601202508.shtml.

9. Perspektivy i vyzovy Tsifrovogo shelkovogo puti [Perspectives and Challenges of the Digital Silk Road]. Sait “Odin poyas i odin put’”, 2020, available at: https://m.thepaper.cn/baijiahao_9356702.

DOI: 10.33917/es-4.190.2023.20-29

In recent decades, China’s economy has shown unprecedented qualitative growth, and one of the factors behind this growth is an active development of its space program as the most technologically advanced industry. If this growth trend continues, then China will need new sources of raw materials, and the emergence of new technologies in various branches of science and technology, including astronautics itself, will require even more active space exploration, which represents a gigantic resource base. The present article analyzes the strategies and prospects of China’s astronautics as a space power that occupies a dominant position not only in the Asia-Pacific region, but also on the planet as a whole, and also describes the reasons for China’s increased activity in the exploration of near space, primarily the Moon.

References:

1. Alekseenkova E.S. Reaktsiya ital’yanskoi Respubliki na spetsial’nuyu voennuyu operatsiyu Rossii na Ukraine [Reaction of the Italian Republic to the Russian Special Military Operation in Ukraine]. Analiticheskie zapiski Instituta Evropy RAN, 2022, no 1(29), pp. 63–70.

2. Batyuk V.I. Dialog mezhdu SShA i RF po probleme strategicheskoi stabil’nosti posle nachala spetsoperatsii na Ukraine [Dialogue between the United States and Russian Federation on the Strategic Stability Issue after the Beginning of the Special Operation in Ukraine]. Rossiya i Amerika v XXI

veke, 2022, no 3.

3. Belov V.B. Reaktsiya Germanii na spetsial’nuyu voennuyu operatsiyu RF na territorii Ukrainy [Germany’s Reaction to the Special Military Operation of the Russian Federation on the Territory of Ukraine]. Analiticheskie zapiski Instituta Evropy RAN, 2022, no 1(29), pp. 56–62.

4. Golovachev V.Ts., Perminova V.A. Reaktsiya Taivanya na spetsial’nuyu voennuyu operatsiyu RF na Ukraine (kratkii obzor) [Taiwan’s Reaction to the Special Military Operation of the Russian Federation in Ukraine (brief review)]. Vostochnaya analitika, 2022, vol 13, vol. 2, pp. 22–31.

5. Denisov I.P., Krasnoslobodtsev V.P., Lyubichev V.A., Raskin A.V., Tarasov I.V. Strategii informatsionnogo protivoborstva v sovremennoi voine [Strategies of Information Confrontation in Modern Warfare]. Informatsionnye voiny, 2022, no 3(63), pp. 2–5.

6. Latypov R.F. Spetsial’naya voennaya operatsiya na Ukraine: situatsionnyi analiz [Special Military Operation in Ukraine: Situational Analysis]. Ekonomika i upravlenie: nauchno-prakticheskii zhurnal, 2022, no 2(164), pp. 134–137.

7. Malinetskii G.G. Sistemnyi analiz spetsial’noi voennoi operatsii Rossii na Ukraine [System Analysis of Russia’s Special Military Operation in Ukraine]. Strategicheskaya stabil’nost’, 2022, no 3(100), pp. 22–32.

8. Mikhailenko A.N. Spetsial’naya voennaya operatsiya Rossii na Ukraine: sluchainost’ ili zakonomernost’? [Special Military Operation of Russia in Ukraine: an Accident or a Regularity?]. Voprosy natsional’nykh i federativnykh otnoshenii, 2022, vol. 12, no 4(85), pp. 1431–1448.

DOI: 10.33917/es-4.190.2023.6-19

Different interpretations of Russia’s Special Military Operation in Ukraine, as a rule, do not reveal the systemic nature of such operations as a universal tool for resolving accumulated contradictions in the world community and critical disproportions in the global economy. In this regard, it seems necessary to give analysis of the strategic predetermination of special military operations in the world supersystem as a fundamental pattern of maintaining the controllability of society in its many manifestations at the present stage. Basically the matter is determined by new management methodology.

References:

1. Alekseenkova E.S. Reaktsiya ital’yanskoi Respubliki na spetsial’nuyu voennuyu operatsiyu Rossii na Ukraine [Reaction of the Italian Republic to the Russian Special Military Operation in Ukraine]. Analiticheskie zapiski Instituta Evropy RAN, 2022, no 1(29), pp. 63–70.

2. Batyuk V.I. Dialog mezhdu SShA i RF po probleme strategicheskoi stabil’nosti posle nachala spetsoperatsii na Ukraine [Dialogue between the United States and Russian Federation on the Strategic Stability Issue after the Beginning of the Special Operation in Ukraine]. Rossiya i Amerika v XXI

veke, 2022, no 3.

3. Belov V.B. Reaktsiya Germanii na spetsial’nuyu voennuyu operatsiyu RF na territorii Ukrainy [Germany’s Reaction to the Special Military Operation of the Russian Federation on the Territory of Ukraine]. Analiticheskie zapiski Instituta Evropy RAN, 2022, no 1(29), pp. 56–62.

4. Golovachev V.Ts., Perminova V.A. Reaktsiya Taivanya na spetsial’nuyu voennuyu operatsiyu RF na Ukraine (kratkii obzor) [Taiwan’s Reaction to the Special Military Operation of the Russian Federation in Ukraine (brief review)]. Vostochnaya analitika, 2022, vol 13, vol. 2, pp. 22–31.

5. Denisov I.P., Krasnoslobodtsev V.P., Lyubichev V.A., Raskin A.V., Tarasov I.V. Strategii informatsionnogo protivoborstva v sovremennoi voine [Strategies of Information Confrontation in Modern Warfare]. Informatsionnye voiny, 2022, no 3(63), pp. 2–5.

6. Latypov R.F. Spetsial’naya voennaya operatsiya na Ukraine: situatsionnyi analiz [Special Military Operation in Ukraine: Situational Analysis]. Ekonomika i upravlenie: nauchno-prakticheskii zhurnal, 2022, no 2(164), pp. 134–137.

7. Malinetskii G.G. Sistemnyi analiz spetsial’noi voennoi operatsii Rossii na Ukraine [System Analysis of Russia’s Special Military Operation in Ukraine]. Strategicheskaya stabil’nost’, 2022, no 3(100), pp. 22–32.

8. Mikhailenko A.N. Spetsial’naya voennaya operatsiya Rossii na Ukraine: sluchainost’ ili zakonomernost’? [Special Military Operation of Russia in Ukraine: an Accident or a Regularity?]. Voprosy natsional’nykh i federativnykh otnoshenii, 2022, vol. 12, no 4(85), pp. 1431–1448.

9. Rastorguev S.P. Informatsionnoe protivoborstvo v tselyakh i zadachakh [Information Confrontation in Goals and Objectives]. Moscow, LENAND, 2022, 304 p.

10. Orekhova A.D. Ukraina v fokuse geopoliticheskikh interesov RF i SShA: Yuzhnorossiiskoe obozrenie: Materialy Kruglogo stola [Ukraine in the Focus of Geopolitical Interests of the Russian Federation and the United States: South Russian Review: Materials of the Round Table]. Rostov n/D, Fond

DOI: 10.33917/es-3.189.2023.6-15

Key parameters of attacks directions on the Russian economy and forecasts of the expected results, which previously have inspired confidence in Western states that political regime would inevitability fall, which stimulated the US and EU sanctions activity, were developed by a number of authoritative Western expert structures. Western strategies for collapsing the Russian economy in 2022–2023 with the help of sanctions, formed on the basis of these forecasts, did not bring the desired result. At the same time, alternative forecasts of a group of Russian scientists from the CEMI RAS and their Chinese colleagues on stability of the economies of Russia and China in the event of a friendly policy in the context of trade wars with the US and the EU, made in 2019, were fully confirmed. At the core of these forecasts there are analytical tools based on agent modeling.

References:

1. Ageev A.I., Loginov E.L. Mirovoe soobshchestvo v usloviyakh sverkhkriticheskoi bifurkatsii Upravlenie slozhnymi organizatsionnymi i tekhnicheskimi sistemami v usloviyakh sverkhkriticheskikh situatsii: Materialy mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii [World Community in Conditions of Supercritical Bifurcation: Management of Complex Organizational and Technical Systems in Conditions of Supercritical Situations: Proceedings of the international scientific and practical conference]. Moscow, INES, 2022, pp. 9–12.

2. Ageev A.I., Loginov E.L. Novaya bol’shaya voina: khroniki khorosho zabytogo budushchego [New Large-Scale War: Chronicles of Well Forgotten Future]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2014, vol. 16, no 6–7(122–123), pp. 16–33.

3. Makarov V.L., Vu Ts., Vu Z., Khabriev B.R., Bakhtizin A.R. Mirovye torgovye voiny: stsenarnye raschety posledstvii [World Trade Wars: Scenario Calculations of Consequences]. Vestnik Rossiiskoi akademii nauk, 2020, vol. 90, no 2, pp. 169–179.

4. Makarov V.L., Vu Ts., Vu Z., Khabriev B.R., Bakhtizin A.R. Sovremennye instrumenty otsenki posledstvii mirovykh torgovykh voin [Modern Tools for Assessing the Effects of World Trade Wars]. Vestnik Rossiiskoi akademii nauk, 2019, vol. 89, no 7, pp. 745–754.

5. Tsigas M., McDaniel C., Schropp S., Mahlstein K. Potential economic effects of sanctions on Russia: An Allied trade embargo. Voxeu.org, 2022, available at: https://voxeu.org/article/potential-economic-effects-allied-trade-embargo-russia.

6. Mahlstein K., McDaniel C., Schropp S., Tsigas M. Estimating the economic effects of sanctions on Russia: An Allied trade embargo. The World Economy, 2022, no 45, pp. 3344–3383, available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.13311.

7. Bryan R., Johnson G., Sytsma T., Priebe M. Does the U.S. Economy Benefit from U.S. Alliances and Forward Military Presence? Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2022, available at: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA739-5.

8. Bolhuis A. Marijn, Jiaqian Chen, Benjamin Kett. Fragmentation in Global Trade: Accounting for Commodities. IMF Working Paper. 2023. No. WP 23/73.

DOI: 10.33917/es-2.188.2023.36-43

The article analyzes historical development of the Russian-Turkmenistan relations. Multi-vector nature and flexibility in the development of a strategic partnership with Turkmenistan is substantiated. The author concludes that Russian-Turkmenistan relations should not be limited only to cooperation in the gas sector, but should develop dynamically towards formation of transport and logistics corridors, development of the tourist industry and communications modernization.

References:

1. Parizhskaya rech’ generala v ego kvartire na ryu Pent’er pered serbskimi studentami “Zavety slavyanstvu” [“Testaments to the Slavs”, Parisian Speech of the General in his Apartment on Rue Pentier to Serbian Students]. Sitaty.info, available at: https://citaty.info/man/mihail-skobelev.

2. Mezhgosudarstvennye otnosheniya Rossii i Turkmenii [Interstate Relations between Russia and Turkmenistan]. RIA “Novosti”, 2022, 10 iyunya, available at: https://ria.ru/20220610/turkmeniya-1794373218.html.

3. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2020. 69th edition, available at: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2020-full-report.pdf.

4. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2020. 71th edition, available at: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/
energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2022-full-report.pdf.

5. Vyakhirev gotov k kompromissu [Vyakhirev is Ready to Compromise]. Nezavisimaya gazeta, 1999, 18 dekabrya, available at: https://www.ng.ru/cis/1999-12-18/5_viahirev.html.

6. V Ashkhabade sostoyalsya shestoi Kaspiiskii sammit [The Sixth Caspian Summit was Held in Ashgabat]. Rossiiskaya gazeta, 2022, 29 iyunya, available at: https://rg.ru/2022/06/29/bereg-druzej.html.

7. Kaspiiskoe sotrudnichestvo kak sposob resheniya ekonomicheskikh problem Turkmenistana [Caspian Cooperation as a Way to Solve Turkmenistan’s Economic Problems]. CABAR, available at: https://cabar.asia/ru/

8. Citaty.info, available at: https://citaty.info/man/mihail-skobelev.

9. Turkmenistan prizyvaet strany Kaspiya k rasshireniyu transportnogo sotrudnichestva [Turkmenistan Calls on the Caspian Countries to Expand Transport Cooperation]. Bol’shaya Aziya, 2022, 7 oktyabrya, available at: https://bigasia.ru/content/news/businness/turkmenistan-prizyvaet-strany-kaspiyak-rasshireniyu-transportnogo-sotrudnichestva/

10. Proekt Turkmenbashinskogo mezhdunarodnogo porta [The Project of the Turkmenbashi International Port]. GAP.INSAAT, available at: https://www.gapinsaat.com/ru/infrastructure/international-turkmenbasi-seaport-project.html.

11. Cherez mezhdunarodnyi port Turkmenbashi (Turkmenistan) eksportirovano bolee 6,5 mln tonn gruzov [More than 6.5 million tons of Cargo were Exported Hhrough the International Port of Turkmenbashi (Turkmenistan)]. Internet-portal SNG, 2022, 2 sentyabrya, available at: https://e-cis.info/news/567/102962/

DOI: 10.33917/es-2.188.2023.24–35

The article discusses the scheme of K. Marxian expanded reproduction through the prism of the capital accumulation analysis by R. Luxembourg taking into account of the infrastructure impact on the development of capitalism.

The author gives examples of the 21st century infrastructure, in par ticular he examines multilateral platforms — payment systems for cross-border payments, associated with broadband satellite Internet access and an ar tificial intelligence environment.

References:

1. Kuznetsova A.I. Infrastruktura: voprosy teorii, metodologii i prikladnye aspekty sovremennogo infrastrukturnogo obustroistva. Geoekonomicheskii podkhod [Infrastructure: Issues of Theory, Methodology and Applied Aspects of Modern Infrastructure Development. Geoeconomic Approach]. Moscow, KomKniga, 2006, 456 p.

2. Novoselov A.S. Regional’nye rynki [Regional Markets]. Moscow, TERRA, 1999, 476 p.

3. Samuel’son P., Nordkhaus V.M. Ekonomika [Economy]. Moscow, Vil’yams, 2001, 688 p.

4. Buzgalin A.V., Kolganov A.I. Global’nyi capital [Global Capital]. Moscow, Editorial URSS, 2004, 512 p.

5. Vazyulin V.A. Logika “Kapitala” K. Marksa [The Logic of K. Marx’s “Capital”]. 2-e izd. Moscow, Sovremennyi gumanitarnyi universitet, 2002, 392 p.

6. Gegel’ G.V.F. Nauka logiki [The Science of Logic]. Saint Petersburg, Nauka, 2005, 799 p.

7. Marks K. Kapital [Capital]. T. I–III. Moscow, Politizdat, 1978, 629 p.

8. Lyuksemburg R. Nakoplenie kapitala [The Accumulation of Capital]. 5-e izd. Moscow — Leningrad, Gos. Sotsial’no-ekonomicheskoe izdatel’stvo, 1934, 478 p.

9. Organizatsiya ekonomicheskogo sotrudnichestva i razvitiya, M3 dlya SShA [Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, M3 for the United States]. FRED, Federal’nyi rezervnyi bank Sent-Luisa, available at: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/MABMM301USM189S.

10. Zaidenvarg V.E., Podolyak V.I., Saraev V.N. Osnovy upravleniya krizisami na rynkakh uglya, gaza i elektroenergii [Fundamentals of Crisis Management in the Coal, Gas and Electricity Markets]. Moscow, Institut ekonomicheskikh strategii, 2003, 192 p.

11. Malkov S.Yu. Sotsial’naya samoorganizatsiya i istoricheskii protsess: Vozmozhnosti matematicheskogo modelirovaniya [Social Self-Organization and the Historical Process: Possibilities of Mathematical Modeling]. Moscow, Knizhnyi dom “LIBROKOM”, 2009, 240 p.

12. Interlinking payment systems and the role of application programming interfaces: a framework for cross-border payments. Basel, Switzerland, Bank for International Settlements, Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures (CPMI). Report to the G20, 2022, July, 53 p.

13. Exploring multilateral platforms for cross-border payments. Basel, Switzerland, Bank for International Settlements, 2023, January, 33 p.

DOI: 10.33917/es-2.188.2023.6-23

We do care about what the foreseeable future will be… The recent period has clearly shown that expectations of W estern experts regarding the planned collapse of Russian and Chinese economies have not materialized. The ar ticle analyzes the main pressure tools and strategies of the main global politics actors on peripheral countries in order to solve the accumulated problems associated with increased debts and the need for fur ther trade expansion. Aggregated forecast scenarios for the situation development in relation to the GDP growth/fall of the leading countries of the world are structured.

The authors’ calculations proved that, despite the risks and threats of fur ther sanctions escalation and other restrictions, the implemented macroeconomic policy of Russia and China ensures preser vation of their key socio-economic indicators, providing national sovereignty.

References:

1. US Debt Clock, available at: https://www.usdebtclock.org.

2. Global wealth databook. 2021. Credit Suisse, 2021, June, available at: https://www.credit-suisse.com/media/assets/corporate/docs/about-us/research/
publications/global-wealth-databook-2021.pdf.

3. National Defense Budget Estimates for FY 2023. Office of the Under Secretary of Defense. United States Department of Defense, 2022, July, available at: https://comptroller.defense.gov/Budget-Materials/Budget2023/

4. Temnaya zima: Dannye Tsentra bezopasnosti zdorov’ya Dzhona Khopkinsa [Dark Winter: Data from the Johns Hopkins Health Security Center]. Center for Health Security, available at: https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/exercises/2001_dark-winter/about.html.

5. Atlanticheskii shtorm: Dannye Tsentra bezopasnosti zdorov’ya Dzhona Khopkinsa [Atlantic Storm: Data from the Johns Hopkins Health Security Center]. Center for Health Security, available at: https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/exercises/2005_atlantic_storm/index.html.

6. Meropriyatie 201: Dannye Tsentra bezopasnosti zdorov’ya Dzhona Khopkinsa [Event 201: Data from the Johns Hopkins Health Security Center]. Center for Health Security, available at: https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/exercises/event201/

7. Puteshestvie po Shveitsarii v usloviyakh pandemii COVID-19: polnoe rukovodstvo na dekabr’ 2021 goda [Traveling Switzerland During the COVID-19

Pandemic: The Ultimate Guide for December 2021]. Swiss Info, 2021, 2 dekabrya, available at: https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/business/wealthy-enjoy–benefits-

-of-the-covid-19-pandemic/46725912.

8. Milliardery [Billionaires]. Americans for Tax Fairness. 2022. 14 aprelya. URL: https://americansfortaxfairness.org/issue/tax-day-americas-workingfamilies-

paying-fair-share-americas-billionaires-not.

9. Vozvrashchayas’ k mezhdunarodnoi roli dollara SShA [Revisiting the International Role of the US Dollar]. BIS. Bank mezhdunarodnykh raschetov, 2022, 5 dekabrya, available at: https://www.bis.org/publ/qtrpdf/r_qt2212x.htm#:~:text=Approximately%20half%20of%20global%20trade,(see%20CGFS%20(2020)).

DOI: 10.33917/es-1.187.2023.46-55

This article is devoted to ensuring the energy security of the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union (hereinafter referred to as the EAEU). Certain issues of ensuring energy security are considered; It is noted that the key goal of ensuring the energy security of the Union should be, first of all, the maintenance of the energy resource base of the Union.

The acts of the EAEU bodies and the Member States devoted to ensuring energy security were considered.

It is noted that the term “energy security” is used in many international legal acts, but there is no monotonous content of this definition in international law.

The author proposed to develop a number of documents aimed at improving the energy security system.

References:

1. Likhachev V.L. Energeticheskaya bezopasnost’ i napravleniya ee obespecheniya v EAES [Energy Security and Directions for its Provision in the EAEU]. Energeticheskaya politika, 2017, no 1, pp. 47–55.

2. Abakumova M.M. Energeticheskaya bezopasnost’ EAES: vyzovy i riski [EAEU Energy Security: Challenges and Risks]. Innovatsii i investitsii, 2018, no 1, pp. 89–92.

3. R eshenie Soveta glav pravitel’stv SNG ot 29 maya 2020 g. “O Strategii ekonomicheskogo razvitiya Sodruzhestva Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv na period do2030 goda” [Decision of the Council of Heads of Government of the CIS dated May 29, 2020 “On the Economic Development Strategy of the Commonwealth of Independent States for the Period up to 2030”]. Edinyi reestr pravovykh aktov i drugikh dokumentov Sodruzhestva Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv, available at: http://cis.minsk.by/reestr/ru/index.html#reestr/view/text?doc=6229.

4. Reshenie Soveta glav pravitel’stv SNG ot 1 iyunya 2018 g. “O Kontseptsii sotrudnichestva gosudarstv — uchastnikov SNG v oblasti innovatsionnogo razvitiya energetiki i razrabotki peredovykh energeticheskikh tekhnologii i Plane pervoocherednykh meropriyatii po ee realizatsii” [Concept of Cooperation between the CIS Member States in the Field of Innovative Development of the Energy Sector and the Development of Advanced Energy Technologies and the Plan of Priority Actions for its Implementation”]. Edinyi reestr pravovykh aktov i drugikh dokumentov Sodruzhestva Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv, available at: http://cis.minsk.by/

5. Postanovlenie N 8-15 Parlamentskoi Assamblei Organizatsii Dogovora o kollektivnoi bezopasnosti “O proekte Rekomendatsii po garmonizatsii zakonodatel’stva gosudarstv — chlenov ODKB v sfere ukrepleniya energeticheskoi bezopasnosti” [Resolution No. 8-15 of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Collective Security Treaty Organization “On the Draft Recommendations for the harmonization of the Legislation of the CSTO Member States in the Field of Strengthening Energy Security”]. Sait Parlamentskoi Assamblei Organizatsii Dogovora o kollektivnoi bezopasnosti, available at: http://www.paodkb.ru/

6. Postanovlenie PA ODKB ot 13 oktyabrya 2017 g. N 10-4.1 “O model’nom zakone ODKB ‘Ob energeticheskoi bezopasnosti’” [Resolution of the CSTO PA dated October 13, 2017 No. 10-4.1 “On the CSTO Model Law “On Energy Security”]. Sait Parlamentskoi Assamblei Organizatsii Dogovora o kollektivnoi bezopasnosti, available at: http://www.paodkb.ru/