DOI: 10.33917/mic-4.111.2023.29-41

The solution of climate problems, accompanied by the development and implementation of carbon regulation mechanisms in international markets, determines the need to reduce the carbon intensity of the Russian economy in order to maintain its competitiveness. The article analyzes the influence of production factors on total CO₂ emissions in Russia on the basis of official statistics. During the study, it was hypothesized that the improvement of production factors will contribute to the reduction of CO₂ emissions. To test it, a simulation based on panel data was carried out. Special attention was paid to the problem of CO₂ emissions by sectors of economic activity.

References: 

1. Head of the Ministry of Economic Development Reshetnikov: Russia will continue its course towards decarbonization. Russian newspaper. URL: https://rg.ru/2023/01/25/reshetnikov-rossiia-prodolzhit-kurs-na-dekarbonizaciiu.html

2. Why there is no more hope for oil and gas and what should Russia do. – interview with I. Bashmakov. URL: https://plus-one.ru/economy/2023/02/22/pochemu-nadezhdy-na-neft-i-gaz-bolshe-net-i-chto-delat-rossii

3. Experts assessed Russia’s spending on combating carbon emissions under sanctions. URL: https://www.rbc.ru/economics/07/02/2023/63e0facd9a79474b9ad80886

4. The head of the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs called for a reconsideration of the «Western» approach to climate problems. URL: https://www.rbc.ru/economics/17/02/2023/63ef549b9a794761544d52f

5. Bai J., Jakeman A. J., McAleer M. Estimation and discrimination of alternative air pollution models. Ecological Modeling. 1992;64:89–124.

6. Grossman G., Krueger A. Economic growth and the environment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 1995;110:353–377.

7. Selden T. M., Song D. Environmental quality and development: is there a Kuznets curve for air pollution emissions? Journal of Environmental Economics and management. 1994;27(2):147–162.

8. Lean H. H., Smyth R. Multivariate Granger causality between electricity generation, exports, prices and GDP in Malaysia. Energy. 2010;35(9):3640–3648.

9. Saboori B., Sulaiman J., Mohd S. Economic growth and CO₂ emissions in Malaysia: a cointegration analysis of the environmental Kuznets curve. Energy policy. 2012;51:184–191.

10. Bimonte S., Stabile A. Land consumption and income in Italy: a case of inverted EKC. Ecol Econ. 2007;131:36–43.

11. Ulucak R., Bilgili F. A reinvestigation of EKC model by ecological footprint measurement for high, middle- and low-income countries. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018;188:144-157.

12. Shafik N. Economic development and environmental quality: an econometric analysis. Ox- ford economic papers. 1994;46(4):757–774.

13. Azomahou Theophile, Laisney Francois, Nguyen Van Phu. Economic development and CO₂ emissions: A nonparametric panel approach. Journal of Public Economics. 2006;90 (6-7):1347-1363.

14. Golley J., Meng, X. Income inequality and carbon dioxide emissions: the case of Chinese urban households. Energy Economics. 2012;34 (6):1864-1872.

DOI: 10.33917/mic-4.111.2023.5-28

In modern conditions, prompt and reasonable adoption of important decisions on the regulation of production is impossible without automated calculations performed by modern software products. One of the ways to effectively solve this problem is to create a concept (taking into account the specific features of enterprises and organizations of the defense industry) of a corporate information system platform.

The paper considers and resolves the following issues: 1) on the basis of a comparative analysis of sales volumes of corporate information systems in the global and Russian markets, their main trends and patterns of development are identified; 2) a comparative assessment of the evolution of approaches to the creation and implementation of information systems, their advantages and disadvantages, as well as possible areas of the most effective use; 3) the priority requirements of potential users for corporate information systems are substantiated; 4) the main parameters are detailed – the characteristics of concentration, specialization, cooperation and combination of production; 5) the expediency of developing two variants of CIS platforms is substantiated: for a sub-sector (an integrated corporate structure) and for a group of enterprises producing homogeneous products; 6) proposals are made for organizing a complex of works in the defense industries to introduce advanced digital technologies to solve the problems of managing high-tech production.

References:

1. Enterprise Resource Planning Market Size 2021. Revenue Growth Development, Business Opportunities, Future Trends, Top Key Players, Market Share and Global Analysis by Forecast to 2023. URL:

https://www.marketwatch.com/press-release/enterprise-resource-planning-market-size-2021-revenue-growth-development-business-opportunities-future-trends-top-key-players-market-share- and-global-analysis-by-forecast-to-2023-2021-07-22

2. Top 5 ERP software. Worldwide, 2018. Provider. URL:

https://blogs.gartner.com/debbie_wilson/files/2019/04/ERP-market-2018.jpg

3. ERP systems (world market). URL: https://www.tadviser.ru/index.php/

4. Top 10 ERP Software Vendors. Market Size and Market Forecast 2019-2024. URL: https://www.appsruntheworld.com/top-10-erp-software-vendors-and-market-forecast/

5. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software market revenues worldwide from 2019 to 2024. URL: https://www.statista.com/statistics/605888/worldwide-enterprise-resource-planning-market-forecast/

6. ERP Software Market Size. URL: https://www.kbvresearch.com/erp-software-market/

7. 75% of Dutch organizations uses an ERP system, CRM is less used. URL:

75% of Dutch organizations uses an ERP system, CRM is less used

8. Enterprise management systems (ERP). Russian market. URL:

https://www.tadviser.ru/index.php/

9. Roan Alexander. SAP HANA and S/4HANA – a simple guide. URL:

https://blogs.sap.com/2020/06/04/sap-hana-and-s-4-hana-a-simple-guide/

10. SAP S/4HANA. URL: https://learning.sap-press.com/sap-s4hana

DOI: 10.33917/mic-3.110.2023.37-49

An assessment of the financial potential and corporate asset management policy of the leading manufacturing company in the commodity market of the Moscow region – JSC «Bolshevik» was carried out. It is determined that the company is not financially stable. It is recommended to change the current liabilities management policy from aggressive to moderate in order to improve the financial position of the corporation, increase its stability and solvency.

References:

1. Atamanyuk O.Ya., Matushevskaya E.A. Features of property and capital valuation on the example of a confectionery factory. In the collection: Economics and the banking system: theory and practice. Materials of the correspondence international scientific and practical conference. Dagestan State University; North Caucasus Federal University; Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation. 2016. pp. 54-60.

2. Belchuk E.V., Marien L.S. Industry of Russia: regional features of development at the macro and meso levels. In the collection: Issues of economics and management at the present stage of development. Collection of scientific articles on the results of the All-Russian Conference. Edited by I.E. Belskikh. 2015. pp. 14-17.

3. Documentary history of JSC «Bolshevik». Past, present, future. Gl. ed. by E. Stupakov. Monograph, Publishing House: Newsmakers, Moscow, 2006.

4. Mikoyan L.V. Development of a strategy for the development of a confectionery factory. In the book: Science Week 2020. Collection of abstracts in two parts. Rostov-on-Don, 2020. pp. 214-217.

5. Mikoyan L.V., Orlova V.G. Marketing analysis of confectionery factory products. In the collection: Technologies of marketing, brand management and advertising. Materials of the All-Russian Scientific and practical Conference. State University of Management. Moscow, 2019. pp. 55-57.

6. Mikoyan L.V., Orlova V.G. Strategic analysis of the activity of the confectionery factory. In the collection: Problems of automation. regional management. communication and automation (SAILS-2019). Proceedings of the VIII All-Russian Scientific Conference of Young Scientists, postgraduates and students. Proceedings of the VIII All-Russian Scientific Conference of Young Scientists, Postgraduates and students, In two volumes. 2019. pp. 85-92.

7. Naumova R.E. Features of cost optimization for the production of confectionery factory products. In the collection: Accounting, analysis and audit: current state and prospects of development. materials of the XII International Scientific and Practical Conference. Ural State University of Economics. Yekaterinburg, 2021. pp. 150-152.

8. Naumova R.E. Features of cost analysis at a confectionery factory. In the collection: Actual problems of accounting, analysis and audit. Materials of the XIII All-Russian Youth Scientific and Practical Conference with international participation. Kursk, 2021. pp. 315-319.

9. Penkina Yu.I., Kalinin Yu.S. Development of a program plan for mandatory preliminary events at a confectionery factory. Research and development of young scientists. 2016;15:70-73. (In Russ.).

DOI: 10.33917/mic-3.110.2023.29-36

The relevance of the study is due to the need to develop state regulation of the housing sector through the most effective methods and digital solutions aimed at ensuring the availability of housing for the population and improving the living conditions of citizens. The methods of regulation of the housing sector associated with state financial support for certain categories of participants in housing relations are analyzed in detail. In this regard, the need for digitalization of the housing sector and the transformation of production relations and procedures aimed at creating a digital ecosystem was noted. The most significant for the development of methods for regulating the housing sector in the context of digitalization are the State Information System for Housing and Communal Services and the State Services Portal. Based on the analysis of existing methods and digital solutions, we came to the conclusion that it is necessary to form complex digital technologies and smooth out differences in the pace of digitalization of the housing sector in megacities and other cities.

References:

1. Providing citizens with social support for paying for housing and utilities in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. URL: https://rosstat.gov.ru/statistics/zhilishhnye_usloviya

2. Evaluation of the business activity of housing developers. URL: https://xn--d1aqf.xn--p1ai/analytics/polls/

3. Shared multi-apartment construction in the Russian Federation URL: https://xn--d1aqf.xn--p1ai/analytics/housing-construction/

4. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 9, 2017 No. 203 «On the Strategy for the Development of the Information Society in the Russian Federation for 2017–2030». URL: http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102431687&rdk=

5. Botareva E.A. Improving the sector of housing and communal services with the help of GIS housing and communal services. Science of the 21st century: current directions of development. 2022;1-1:10-12. (In Russ.).

6. Silova, Y.A., Poyarkova E.I., Popov A.A. Modification of the functionality of the GIS housing and communal services portal to solve actual problems of BIG DATA in the field of housing and communal services. Economics and business: theory and practice.  2021;12-3 (82):66-72.  (In Russ.). DOI 10.24412/2411-0450-2021-12-3-66-72.

7. Vilenskaya E.V. Features of the use of digital technologies in the housing and communal services. Proceedings of the national scientific and practical conference «Information and technological support for business development in a digital economy». Publishing house: Orel State University of Economics and Trade. 2019. pp. 5-10. (In Russ.).

8. Lychagina A.A., Demenev A.V. Optimization of the housing and communal services sector through technological innovations. Service in Russia and abroad. 2020;14(5):164-174. (In Russ.).

9. Sologubova G.S. Components of digital transformation: monograph. Moscow:   Yurayt, 2018. 141 p. (In Russ.).

DOI: 10.33917/mic-2.109.2023.48-56

In modern conditions, rapidly developing technological innovations are the most important resource for the dissemination of information about the company. The ability of computer games to influence public consciousness was immediately taken into account by development companies, since it can perfectly act as a tool for promoting products of other sectors of the national economy. The potential of logical computer games that promote the perception of stereotypes through game images should be used more widely in the educational process.

References:

1. Industry of computer games. URL: https://dcenter.hse.ru/data/2020/07/27/1599127653/Industry%20computer%20games-2020.pdf

2. Egorova E. A. Game design and the concept of J. Huizinga: A look at CYBERPUNK 2077 through the prism of game theory // Humanitarian Bulletin. 2021;6 (92). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/geymdizayn-i-kontseptsiya-y-hyoyzingi-vzglyad-na-cyberpunk-2077-skvoz-prizmu-igrovoy-teorii

3. Kara-Murza S.G. Mind manipulation. M.: Rodina, 2022. 432 p. (In Russ.).

4. Perelygina E. B. Psychology of image: Textbook. Moscow: Aspekt Press, 2002. 223 p. (In Russ.).

5. Decree of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of February 24, 2005 No. 3 «On judicial practice in cases of protecting the honor and dignity of citizens, as well as the business reputation of citizens and legal entities» // Russian newspaper. No. 50, March 15, 2005; Bulletin of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, No. 4, 2005.

6. Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 27, 2007 No. 153n (as amended on May 16, 2016) «On Approval of the Accounting Regulation “Accounting for Intangible Assets” (PBU 14/2007)» // Russian newspaper. No. 22, 2008.

7. Belyaeva E. Yu. Management of the process of formation of the business reputation of Russian companies: dis. … cand. economy Sciences. Moscow, 2006. 223 p. (In Russ.).

8. Bykova Yu. N. Business reputation as a criterion for the financial stability of companies: dis. … cand. economy Sciences. Moscow, 2008. 155 p. (In Russ.).

9. Paton W.A., Littleton A.C. An introduction to corporate accounting standards. Monograph // American Accounting Association. 1940;3:156.

10. Kozyr N. S., Astakhov A. V. The video game industry in the modern sectoral economy // Regional Economics: Theory and Practice, 2017;15(5):953–966. (In Russ.).

11. TOP 10 gaming companies in the world for 2020. URL: https://invest-journal.ru/top-10-igrovyh-kompanij-v-mire?ysclid=lf28wu99iu405201745

12. Gaming companies that ruined their reputation. URL:  https://dzen.ru/a/XiLWVgpFGACyNBWu

13. Veklenko P. V. Methodology of EDUTAINMENT: Integration of non-specialized gaming applications into educational activities // Psychopedagogy in law enforcement agencies. 2021;3(86). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/metodika-edutainment-integratsiya-nespetsializirovannyh-igrovyh-prilozheniy-v-uchebnuyu-deyatelnost

DOI: 10.33917/mic-2.109.2023.57-63

The relevance of the study is determined by the need to find solutions to problematic issues related to the formation of priority instruments for regulating investments in real estate. The experience, facts, and research of scientists and practitioners on the application of investment mechanisms in the real estate market have been studied from theoretical approaches to applied ideas of their modeling. A systematization of modern investment tools in real estate has been proposed, advantages and disadvantages have been revealed, and an assessment of the prospects for their application in the real estate market has been given.

References:

1. Makarov D. A., Yudenko M.N. Economic efficiency and financial risks in housing construction. Microeconomics. 2022;2:23-28. (In Russ.).

2. Abramov A. E., Akshentseva K. S., Chernova M. I., Loginova D. A., Novikov D. V., Radygin A.D., Sivai Yu. V. Economics of investment funds. Moscow: Publishing House «Delo». 2015. 720 p.

3. Sedipkova S. V. Mutual investment funds of real estate as a tool of collective investment in Russia and the USA. The world of economics and management. 2019;19(2):65-75. (In Russ.).

4. Taltavull P., White M.  The sources of house price change: Identifying liquidity shocks to the housing market. European Real Estate Society (ERES). 2013. URL: https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/arzwpaper/eres2013_5f187.htm/

5. Agrawal Ajay K., Catalini Christian, Goldfarb Avi. Some Simple Economics of Crowdfunding. Innovation Policy and the Economy. ed. Josh Lerner and Scott Stern, Univeristy of Chicago Press. 2014. pp. 1-47. URL: https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/108043/
Some+Simple+Economics+of+Crowdfunding.pdf;sequence=1

6. Veuger J., Nijland M. Influence of Blockchain in the Real Estate    Sector. 2019;2(2). URL: https://j.ideasspread.org/index.php/ijas/article/view/285

7. Saull A., Baum A. The Future of Real Estate Transactions. Report//Summary/. University of Oxford. 2019. URL: https://www.sbs.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2019-03/FoRET ReportSummary_0.pdf/

8. Konashevych O. General Concept of Real Estate Tokenization on Blockchain. De Gruyter. 2020. pp. 21-65.  URL: file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/10.1515_eplj-2020-0003%20(1).pdf/

DOI: 10.33917/mic-2.109.2023.82-92

The article explores different approaches to the term “sustainability” existing in academic literature and used in practice. It describes three methods – two well-known ones and another one developed by the authors – used for quantitative assessment of the degree of economic and financial sustainability in regions. The regions include four Russian federal subjects in the Russian Arctic and three macroregions that include the aforesaid regions. The indicators used for the assessment are grouped by the following aspects: relevance to national projects, type of assessment scale, internal or external economic factors, and income or spending in a consolidated regional budget. The article explores and draws a distinction between the influence of external factors – indicators of the demographic and natural environments – on the economic sustainability of an area.  A comparative analysis is done for three Russian macroregions and four Arctic regions by degree of economic and financial sustainability. The regions and macroregions are ranked based on the results of the comparative analysis using the selected indicators. The ranking helps identify potential strategic vectors and their succession as well as criteria for improvement of economic sustainability in the Russian Arctic.

References:

1. Babkin N., Bespalova S., Senetskaya L., Skotarenko O. Tools for digitalization of economic processes for supporting management decision-making in the Arctic region // IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2019. Volume 302 Issue 1. 6 August. No 012147.

2. Bykovskaia E., Maiurova A., Kustikova M., Timofeeva I., Tyurikova E.  Assessment of the environmental risks in the development of fossil fuels deposits in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation // IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Volume 723. Issue 5. 12 April 2021.

3. Bulletin of current trends in Russian economy, Retrieved, 2020. URL: https://e-cis.info/upload/iblock/520/520a5eee087274f9007f341e5865b0b3.pdf

4. Kozin M., Plotnikov V., Skotarenko O. Assessment of challenges, threats, and prospects in development of cities and towns in the Arctic zone // IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Volume 302 Issue 1. 6 August No 012103.

5. Concept of Sustainable Development in Countries United Nation Conference on Environment and Development, 1993.  New York. Vol. 1-3. URL: https://www.un.org/ru/conferences/environment

6. Towards a Global Pact for the Environment of 10 May 2018: Resolution A / 72 / L.51. URL: https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/72/277

7. National Projects: expectations, results, and prospects. 28.07.2020 Ekspert RA Rating Agency. URL: https://raexpert.ru/researches/national_project_2020/

8. On national development goals in the Russian Federation until 2030:  Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 21 June 2020 No 474. URL: https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/74304210/

9. On Land Territories in the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation: Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 2 May 2016 No. 296 // Collected Laws of the RF 05.05.2014 No18 Part I Art. 2136.

DOI: 10.33917/mic-1.108.2023.46-51

The relevance of the study is based on the need to find solutions to problematic issues of the priority strategic guidelines formation for the development of the industrial complex enterprises of the Republic of Tajikistan. The necessity of searching for ways to form and implement priority strategic guidelines for the development of the industrial complex enterprises of the Republic of Tajikistan, including through the development of innovative potential, is determined. The systematization of priority strategic guidelines for the economic development of the industrial complex of the republic is proposed, reflecting the relationship with the targets for achieving strategic and national objectives for the development of industry in Tajikistan.

References:

1. National Development Strategy of the Republic of Tajikistan for the period up to 2030. Dushanbe, 2016. 88 p. URL: https://www.mewr.tj/wp-content/uploads/files/National%20Development%20Strategy-2030_ru.pdf

2. Yudenko М.N., Voronina Е.V., Mikhailova М.V. Models and scenarios of the development of socio-economic systems // Microeconomics. 2021;4:5-14. (In Russ).

3. Strategy of innovative development of the Republic of Tajikistan for the period up to 2020. URL: https://ncpi.tj/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/руси.pdf

4. Ardzinov V.D., Chepachenko N.V., Leont’ev A.A. Breakthrough Technologies: New Directions in Economic and Social Development. Economics and Management. 2020;26(11):1227-1235. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.35854/1998-1627-2020-11-1227-1235

5. Rostov W. W.  The stages of economic growth. Economic History. Review. 1959;12(1):1-16.

6. Kochetkov S.V.  The innovative potential of an industrial enterprise: a monograph. St. Petersburg: SPbGUEF, 2011. 248 p. (In Russ).

7. Yudenko M.N., Goncharova М.S., Goibov К.А. The role of production potential in the formation of investment attractiveness of the region. Bulletin of the Faculty of Management. 2019;6:82-88. (In Russ).

8.  Аtabaeva F.А. Transformation of the mechanism of functioning of the industry of the Republic of Tajikistan // Engineering Bulletin of the Don. 2015;3 (37):118. (In Russ). URL: https://ncpi.tj/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/руси.  ivdon.ru/ru/magazine/archive/n3y2015/3114

9. Rasulov N.S. Investment attractiveness of industrial development of mineral raw materials and fuel and energy resources of the Republic of Tajikistan // Problems of modern economy. 2020;4(36). (In Russ).  URL: http://www.m-economy.ru/art.php?nArtId=3391

10. Petrov V.S. Theoretical and methodological foundations of ensuring the effectiveness of the development of industrial enterprises: monograph. Moscow: Prospect, 2015. 96 p. (In Russ).

DOI: 10.33917/mic-1.108.2023.36-45

The article presents the prerequisites for several bourgeois reforms in the 19th century on the territory of the Russian Empire, as well as the division of the bourgeoisie as a class of owners of means of production, that is, capital, into three groups – small, medium and large. Based on the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 204 adopted on May 07, 2018 «On national goals and strategic objectives of the development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2024», it is concluded that the national project «Small and medium-sized entrepreneurship and support for individual entrepreneurial initiative», and including the corresponding goals and criteria for their achievement, are focused on the revival of the petty bourgeoisie as owners of capital.

The analysis of the five goals of this national project and the criteria for their achievement showed the expected (planned) annual dynamics of the development of this sector of the economy until 2024. Comparison of the funding volumes of the corresponding five federal projects that are part of the national project under study, from three sources of funding – the state federal budget, the consolidated budgets of the constituent entities (regions) of the Russian Federation, extra-budgetary funds, made it possible to identify the most priority federal projects in terms of funding volumes.

After analyzing the structures of agricultural production by peasant and individual households, the authors revealed a fairly clear division of production sectors between these two categories of farms.

References:

1. On national development goals and strategic tasks of the Russian Federation until 2024: Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 7 May 2018 (ver. of 19.07.2018). – Access from the information and legal system «Garant».

2.    Passport of the national project «Small and Medium-sized Entrepreneurship and support for individual entrepreneurial initiative» (approved by the Presidium of the Presidential Council for Strategic Development and National Projects (Protocol No. 16 of December 24, 2018) URL: http://static.government.ru/media/files/qH8voRLuhAVWSJhIS8XYbZBsAvcs8A5t.pdf

3.    Babkina L.N., Skotarenko O.V. Features of the qualimetric approach in regional studies // Scientific and Technical Bulletin of the St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University. Economic sciences. 2013;5 (180):161-165. (In Russ.).

4.    Vukovich G.G. Dialectics of the laws of the evolution of the natural system and the economic cyclicity of the development of society. Economics of sustainable development. 2011;3 (7):27-32. (In Russ.).

5.    Regions of Russia. Socioeconomic indicators – 2020. Official website of the Russian Federal State Statistics Service. URL:  https://rosstat.gov.ru/

DOI: 10.33917/mic-1.108.2023.29-35

The article analyzes various research algorithms for studying the institutional foundations of the process of forming the value of modern business. The author focuses on the problem of disordered categories of this area of economic thought. In the scientific and regulatory literature, when describing economic phenomena and processes associated with the concept of “cost”, a number of categories are used (price, cost, cost, costs, economic value), which are often used as synonyms. The inaccuracy and uncertainty of the categorical apparatus within the framework of the issue under study are associated with institutional issues.

References:

1. Coase R. Firm, market and law [transl. from English: B. Pinsker]. Moscow: Liberal Mission Foundation: New Publishing House, 2007. 221 p. ISBN 978-5-98379-087-2.

2. Williamson O.I. Economic institutions of capitalism: Firms, markets, “relational” contracting: [transl. from English]; [Scientific ed. and intro. Art. V. S. Katkalo]. St. Petersburg: Lenizdat, 1996. 702 p. ISBN 5-289-01816-6.

3. North D. Institutions, institutional changes and the functioning of the economy. Persian. from English. A.N. Nesterenko; foreword and scientific ed. B.Z. Milner. Moscow: Fund of the economic book «Nachala», 1997. 180 p. ISBN 5-88581-006-0.

4. North D. Understanding the process of economic change. per. from English. K. Martynov, N. Edelman. Moscow: Ed. house of the State un-ta – Higher. school Economics, 2010. 253 p. ISBN 978-5-7598-0754-4.

5. Macmillan’s Dictionary of Modern Economic Theory / General ed. D.W. Pierce; per. from English. Moscow: INFRA-M, 1997. 608 p. ISBN 5-86225-453-6.

6. Dictionary of financial and economic terms / A.V. Sharkova, A.A. Kilyachkov, E.V. Markina and others; under total ed. M. A. Eskindarova. – 3rd ed. M.: Publishing and Trade Corporation «Dashkov and Co», 2020. 1168 p. ISBN 978-5-394-02995-0.

7. Osipov Yu.M. Theory of economy. Textbook in 3 volumes. Vol. 1: General grounds. Moscow: Moscow State University: TEIS, 1995. 458 p. ISBN 5-7218-0026-0.

8. Razberg B.A. Modern Economic Dictionary / Raizberg B. A., Lozovsky L. Sh., Starodubtseva E. B. – 2nd ed., corrected. Moscow: Ed. house «INFRA-M», 1998. 476 p. ISBN 5-86225-758-6.

9. Financial and credit encyclopedic dictionary = Finance and credit encyclopedic glossary / General. ed. A.G. Gryaznova. M.: Finance and statistics, 2004 (OAO Type. News). 1165 p. ISBN 5-279-02306-X.

10. Dictionary of the Russian language: 52000 words / Comp. S. I. Ozhegov; under total ed. acad. S. P. Obnorsky. – 2nd ed., Rev. and additional Moscow: State. foreign publishing house and national dictionaries, 1952. 848 p.

11. Osipov Yu.M. Theory of economy. Textbook in 3 volumes. Vol. 1: General grounds. Moscow: Moscow State University: TEIS, 1995. 458 p. ISBN 5-7218-0026-0.

12. New Philosophical Encyclopedia: in 4 volumes / Institute of Philosophy Ros. acad. Sciences, National social-scientific fund; Scientific-ed. advice: V. S. Stepin [and others]. Moscow: Thought, 2000-2001. ISBN 5-244-00961-3. URL: https://rus-philosophical-enc.slovaronline.com/