DOI: 10.33917/mic-5.118.2024.65-77

This article examines the role of renewable energy sources (RES) and secondary renewable energy sources (VVE) in the energy management of the European Union countries in modern socio-economic conditions. The decrease in electricity consumption in the EU over the past two years amounted to 6%, reflecting the serious impact of the energy crisis on European consumers and industry. This decrease of 60% is due to a slowdown in the growth rate of EU industrial production and the transfer of energy-intensive technological processes from the EU to regions with cheaper energy. It is concluded that Europe’s transition to renewable energy has reached a colossal pace, which will lead to a further reduction in fossil fuel electricity production, with renewable energy sources (wind and solar) becoming the backbone of the future EU electricity supply system by the end of 2024.

References:

1. Zhiznin S. Vasilev S. Options for using secondary renewable energy sources. Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 2020. URL: https://nvo.ng.ru/ng_energiya/2020-09-07/14_7957_variants.html

2. Redl C., Hein F., Buck M., Graichen P., Jones D. The European Power Sector in 2020: Up-to-Date Analysis on the Electricity Transition. Agora Energiewende and Ember. 2021. p. 18.

3. The share of solar and wind generation in the world will reach from 54 to 72% by 2050. URL: https://yearbook.enerdata.ru/renewables/wind-solar-share-electricity-production.html

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6. Gesetz für den Ausbau erneuerbarer Energien. URL: http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/eeg_2014/

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8. Beksultanova A., Aygumov T., Valeev S. Achieving renewable energy goals through the utilization of renewable resources. International Conference on Actual Problems of the Energy Complex and Environmental Protection (APEC-VI-2023). Les Ulis, 2023, p. 01008.

9. Chien F., Chayka Ka.Y., Sadiq M., Diep G.L., Tran T.K., Pham T.Ha.An. What is the role of renewable energy consumption, renewable electricity, energy use and import play in environmental quality? Energy Reports. 2023;10:3826–3834.

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DOI: 10.33917/es-3.195.2024.34-43

The article analyzes mechanisms of sanctions action and the problems that are faced by countries that use this political instrument. Particular attention is paid to cases of applying sanctions against the Russian Federation and Iran without expressing any subjective opinion on the legality of these countries’ actions. It is proved that economic sanctions in most cases are fraught with economic costs for all participants in sanctions episodes, including countries that initiate these sanctions. The country, against which the sanctions are imposed, is likely to develop trade relations with the third parties that do not participate in the sanctions coalition.

References:

1. Alekseeva T.A. Sovremennaya politicheskaya mysl’ (XX–XXI vv.): politicheskaya teoriya i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya [Modern Political Thought (XX–XXI centuries): Political Theory and International Relations]. Moscow, Aspekt Press, 2015.

2. Timofeev I.N. Ekonomicheskie sanktsii kak politicheskoe ponyatie [Economic Sanctions as a Political Concept]. Vestnik MGIMO-Universiteta, 2018, no 2(59), pp. 26–42, DOI: 10.24833/2071-8160-2018-2-59-26-42

3. ES i SShA otsenivayut vliyanie sobstvennykh sanktsiy v otnoshenii Rossii [The EU and the US Assess the Impact of their own Sanctions Against Russia]. Otkrytyy zhurnal, 2022, 5 marta, available at: https://journal.open-broker.ru/results/itogi-nedeli-ot-5-marta-2022/

4. Khaffbauer G., Shott D., Elliot K., Egg B. Peresmotr ekonomicheskikh sanktsiy [Revision of Economic Sanctions]. Elsevier. Zhurnal mezhdunarodnoy ekonomiki, 2007, vol. 76(1), pp. 135–137.

5. Rezolyutsiya 1929, prinyataya Sovetom Bezopasnosti na ego 6335-m zasedanii 9 iyunya 2010 g. [Resolution 1929, Adopted by the Security Council at its 6335th Meeting on 9 June 2010]. Sovet Bezopasnosti OON, available at: https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/ru/s/res/1929-%282010%29

DOI: 10.33917/es-1.167.2020.42-47

The article examines the nature of trade representatives abroad and their role in Russian exporters’ participation in value chains. To this end the author proposes a role model for functioning of the Russian trade missions, as well as analyzes operation of Russian trade representatives in some EU countries in the paradigm of value chains and proposes measures to increase trade missions’ efficiency in some EU countries. As part of the analysis, the author made use of analytical reports on the state of economy and the main directions of foreign economic activity, prepared by trade representatives, as well as analytical materials received from trade missions of the Russian Federation abroad